Linguistic Development Research Paper Page 32
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3712 GLOSSARY
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Glossary
Aphasia The loss or impairment of language abilities following brain damage.
Anomia An aphasia that causes the inability to access dictionary items. Often associated with
diffuse cortical damage, as with senile dementia.
ASL American Sign Language. The primary sign language of the deaf in the US.
Behaviorism A school of psychology, influential from the 1920s to the 1960s, that rejected the
study of the mind as unscientific, and sought to explain the behavior of organisms (including
humans) with laws of stimulus-response conditioning.
Bottom-Up Perceptual processing that relies on extracting information directly from the sensory
signal(e.g. loudness, pitch or frequency of a signal), as opposed to top-down processing, which
uses knowledge and expectancies to guess, predict or fill in the perceived event or message.
Clause a kind of phrase that is generally the same thing as a sentence, except that some kinds of
clause can never occur on their own but only inside a bigger sentence: THE CAT IS ON THE
MAT; John arranged FOR MARY TO GO; The spy WHO LOVED ME disappeared; He said
THAT SHE LEFT
Cognitive Science the study of intelligence (reasoning, perception, memory, language, control of
movement), embracing parts of several academic disciplines: experimental psychology, linguis-
tics, computer science, philosophy and neuroscience
Consonant a phoneme produced by a blockage or constriction of the vocal tract
Content Word Nouns, Verbs, Adjectives, adverbs and some prepositions which typically express
concepts particular to a given sentence. This is opposed to function words that are used to
express information, such as tense or case, that is relevant to many different sentences.
Cortex The thin surface of the cerebral matter containing the neurons used for many of the ‘higher’
functions of the human brain such as language.
Deep-Structure (often d-structure) The tree structure, formed from phrase structure rules,
into which word can be placed so as to fulfill the demands of words in neighboring phrases.
Derivational Morphology the component of grammar containing the rules for the creation of
new words from old words. For example: break + -able
breakable; sing + -er
singer ;
super + woman
super-woman
Diphthong a vowel consisting of two vowels pronounced in quick succession. e.g. bite (pronounces
/ba-eet/); loud; make.
Echolalia The phase that a child goes through during the Holophrastic period, when it starts to
repeat syllables. For example: dadadadada or Mamamama.
Focal Lesion A visible area of damage to an area of the brain. Often caused by cysts, hemorrhages,
embolisms and such things as shrapnel or bullet wounds. One of the primary sources of
information on localization of brain function in language and other cognitive skills.
Function Word see content word.
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