Apa Paper Format With Instructions Page 9

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9
SHORT TITLE
Scoring. For most research, the data need to be processed in some way before they can
be analyzed. For example, in learning and memory research, test data need to be scored. It is
customary to explain exactly how the data were scored in the method section of the paper, or
sometimes at the beginning of the results section. For example, to score participants’ answers to
short-answer questions, a researcher might give 0 points for incorrect or missing responses, 0.5
points for partially correct responses, and 1 point for correct responses. To score free recall data,
a researcher might split a passage into idea units and give one point for every idea unit correctly
recalled. Whatever the method, it should be described in detail here. You can find examples in
papers already published in your area. For learning and memory examples, see Roediger and
Karpicke (2006a) or Smith and Karpicke (2014).
Results
Level 2
header,
because
The first step is to mention any Tables or Figures that describe your data. Tables and
Results is
meant to be
within the
Figures go on their own pages at the end of the paper, after the reference section but before any
Experiment 1
section (but
Appendices. You can find examples of Tables and Figures at the end of this paper. However, you
at the same
level as the
Method
still need to direct your reader to the Tables and Figures. You might first say: Data from the final
section)
assessment test are shown in Figure 1; or overall confidence during the initial learning session is
shown in Table 1. Tables and Figures are easy ways to present your descriptive statistics (i.e.,
means, standard deviations or standard errors). Then, describe the analyses you ran in order to
make inferences about your data. You should have run analyses that tested your hypotheses.
Always tell the reader what test you ran, and describe in words what the test found. You can then
support your statement using the test statistics with degrees of freedom, p-values, and effect
sizes.

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