Ap Chemistry Reference Sheet
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1AP CHEMISTRY REFERENCE SHEET
EQUATIONS
Root Mean Square Velocity:
Integrated Rate Laws (0,1,2):
[ ]
[ ]
A
= −kt + A
3RT
Basic
t
0
u
=
rms
M
[ ]
[ ]
ln A
= −kt + ln A
m
t
0
d =
Density:
rate A
M
V
B
1
1
=
Effusion:
= kt +
rate B
M
€
1
[ ]
[ ]
A
A
A
2
KE =
mv
Kinetic energy:
€
t
0
Clausius-Clapeyron Equation:
2
Equilibrium
€
−ΔH
2
€
E = mc
Einstein’s Eq’n:
vap
ln P
+ ln β
Equilibrium Constant:
=
vap
RT
€
c
d
€
[ ]
[ ]
C
× D
Atomic Structure
€
⎛
⎞
−ΔH
K
=
P
1
1
c
vap
eq
a
b
2
ln
[ ]
[ ]
=
−
A
× B
⎜
⎟
ν =
Frequency of light:
€
P
R
T
T
⎝
⎠
λ
1
2
1
Acid Base Equilibrium:
€
Energy of photon:
[
]
+
pH = −log H
O
M
V
= M
V
Solution dilution:
hc
3
1
1
2
2
E = h ν
E =
or
€
S
= k
P
Henry’s Law:
[
]
λ
−
pOH = −log OH
€
€
gas
H
gas
h
P
P
= χ
Raoult’s Law:
[ ]
[
]
+
−
−14
λ =
De Broglie eq’n:
K
= H
OH
= 1.0 × 10
sol'n
solv
solv
€
€
w
mv
= m × iK
ΔT
FPD:
€
[ ]
[ ]
+
−
H
A
f
f
Uncertainty Principle:
€
€
K
=
€
= m × iK
ΔT
BPE:
a
[
]
h
HA
b
b
Δx • mΔv ≥
€
Π = MRT
Osmotic pressure:
4 π
€
€
€
Thermodynamics
Energy of Hydrogen e
−
levels:
[
]
[
]
+
−
HB
OH
K
ΔE = q + w
=
€
⎛
⎞
Internal energy:
1
€
b
[ ]
B
−18
E
= −2.18 × 10
J
⎜
⎟
n
€
2
q = mC
€
⎝
n
⎠
ΔT
Heat Capacity:
s
Henderson-‐Hasselbalch
E q’n:
Bonding
Pressure-Volume Work:
⎡
⎤
base
pH = pK
+ log
w = −PΔV
€
⎣ ⎢
⎦ ⎥
Coulomb’s Law:
a
acid
€
Change in Enthalpy:
⎛
⎞
Q
Q
€
Electrochemistry
€
−19
1
2
E = 2.31 × 10
J • nm
⎜
⎟
ΔH = ΔE + PΔV
⎝
r
⎠
Nernst Eq’n:
S = k ln W
Entropy:
µ = qr
€
Dipole moment:
0.0592 V
€
E
= E
logQ
Change in Entropy of Surroundings:
−
cell
cell
Gases, Liquids, & Solutions
n
−ΔH
sys
€
ΔS
=
PV = nRT
€
ΔG
= −nFE
surr
Ideal Gas Law:
T
cell
€
Van der Waal’s Eq’n:
€
CONSTANTS
Change in Gibb’s Free Energy:
€
⎡
⎤
2
ΔG = ΔH − TΔS
⎛
⎞
n
1 amu = 1.6605 × 10
− 27
kg
[
]
P + a
⎥ × V − nb
= nRT
⎢
⎜
⎟
Free Energy (nonstandard):
€
⎝
V
⎠
Avogadro’s # (N
) = 6.02214 × 10
mol
− 1
€
23
€
⎣
⎦
A
+ RT ln Q
ΔG
= ΔG
Bohr radius (a
) = 5.2918 × 10
− 11
m
0
Combined Gas Law:
rxn
rxn
Bolzmann’s const. (k) = 1.3807 × 10
J/K
-23
€
P
V
P
V
1
1
2
2
=
Faraday’s const. (F) = 9.6485 × 10
C/mol
Gibb’s Free Energy and K:
4
T
T
€
1
2
Planck’s const. (h) = 6.6261 × 10
Js
− 34
= −RT ln K
ΔG
€
rxn
Dalton’s Law:
Gas const. (R) = 0.0821 (Latm)/(molK)
Kinetics
P
= P
+ P
+ P
+ ...
= 8.3145 J/(molK)
tot
1
2
3
The Rate Law:
Electron charge (e) = 1.6022 × 10
− 19
C
€
m
n
€
[ ]
[ ]
Average Kinetic Energy:
Rate = k A
B
Mass of electron (m
) = 9.1093826 × 10
kg
–31
e
3
Mass of proton (m
) = 1.67262171 × 10
kg
–27
Arrhenius Equation (linear):
p
€
KE
RT
=
avg
Mass of neutron (m
) = 1.6749273 × 10
kg
–27
2
n
⎛
⎞
E
1
a
ln k = −
⎟ + ln A
⎜
Speed of light (c) = 2.9979 × 10
m/s
8
R
⎝
T
⎠
€
€
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