Biology Reference Sheet printable pdf download

BIOLOGY EOC REFERENCE SHEET - Part 2

Develop an understanding of the evolution and diversity of life.

• Classification of Organisms according to Evolutionary Relationships, Historical Development and Changing Nature

of Classification Systems, Eukaryotic vs. Prokaryotic Organics, Eukaryotic Kingdoms, Dichotomous Keys

• Processes by which Organisms or Representative Groups accomplish Essential Life Functions

• Adaptations affecting Survival and Reproduction, Structural Adaptations in Plants and Animals, Disease-Causing

Viruses and Microorganisms, Co-Evolution

• Interactive Role of Internal / External Factors in Health and Disease, Genetics, Immune Response, Nutrition,

Parasites, Toxins

• Patterns of Animal Behavior as Adaptations to the Environment, Innate / Learned Behavior

CLASSIFICATION:

- process in understanding how organisms are related and how they are different

- taxonomy – branch of biology that studies grouping and naming of organisms

- history of classification systems

- 4

Century B.C., Aristotle proposed two groups (plants and animals) and used common names for identification, based on “blood” and

“bloodless”

- early 1700s, Carolus Linnaeus developed a system based on physical characteristics

- two kingdoms (plants and animals)

- developed “genus” and “species”

- designed system of naming called binomial nomenclature (“two names”), which gave each organism two names, a genus, and

a species, Genus always capitalized, both should be underlined or italicized

- Six kingdoms: Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia

- A dichotomous key is a tool used to identify organisms by using pairs of contrasting characteristics

- basis of current classification: phylogeny, DNA / biochemical analysis, embryology, morphology, Phylogenetic trees

LEVELS OF CLASSIFICATION:

CLASSIFICATION OF HUMANS:

- Kingdom

Kingdom Animalia (multicellular organisms that eat food)

- Phylum

Phylum Chordata (dorsal hollow nerve cord, notochord, pharyngeal slits)

- Class

Class Mammalia (hair, mammary glands, endothermy, four-chambered heart)

- Order

Order Primates (nails, clavicle, orbits encircled with bone, enlarged cerebrum, opposable digits)

- Family

Family Homidae (bipedal – walk erect on two feet, advanced tool use)

- Genus

Genus Homo (“human” like)

- Species

Species Homo sapiens

COMPARISON OF EUKARYOTE TO PROKARYOTE:

Prokaryote – has nuclear material in the center of the cell, but is not enclosed by a nuclear membrane; no membrane bound organelles;

examples: bacteria and blue-green algae

Eukaryote – contain a clearly defined nucleus enclosed by a nuclear membrane and membrane bound organelles; examples: plants, animals,

fungi, and protists

COMPARISON OF KINGDOM CHARACTERISTICS

Domain: BACTERIA

Domain: ARCHAEA

Domain: EUKARYA

EUBACTERIA

ARCHAEA

PROTISTA

FUNGI

PLANTAE

ANIMALIA

Bacteria

Ancient bacteria

Protists

Eukaryote

Prokaryote

Unicellular

Eukaryote

Multicelluar

Multicellular

Unicellular, colonial

Prokaryote

Unicellular

Aerobic

Aerobic / anaerobic

Less widespread

Multicellular

Decomposer

Producer

Consumer

Decomposer

Protective cell wall

Aerobic

Lack chlorophyll

Photosynthesis

Cellular respiration

Heterotrophic

Methanogens - use

Pathogenic /

Pathogenic

Cell wall (cellulose)

Invertebrates

Photosynthetic (some)

H2 and CO2 to

parasitic

Saprophytic / parasitic

Vascular system, seeds

Vertebrates

Chemosynthetic (some)

produce methane

Animal-like

Medicinal, food source

Poisonous

Symmetry

Pathogenic

Medicinal

(CH4) & energy

(protozoa)

Heterotrophic

Medicinal, food source

Classified by shape

Extreme Environments

Plant-like (algae)

Sexual / asexual

Alternation of generations

Ex: Homo sapiens

Binary fission

Thermophiles - heat

Medicinal, food

Alternation of generations

Roots, stems, leaves

Vaccines, antibiotics

- Halophiles - salt

source

Often symbiotic with algae

Pollination(fertilization)

Ex: streptococcus

Ex. methanococcus

Mobile

Ex: mushroom

Germination

Ex: amoeba

Ex: oak

Note: Current classification systems reveal six kingdoms, where Monerans are divided into Archaebacteria (ancient bacteria, anaerobic nature) and

Eubacteria (true bacteria, aerobic nature).

Biology Reference Sheet

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