Software Project Management Brochure Template Page 5

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Software Project Management
5
Walking Around) [50], and PADRE (Plan-Approve-Do-Review-Evaluate) [41].
The DBWA process combines the spiral model with multiple design views,
flexible structuring of development teams, and dynamic changes in modes of
working (e.g., working individually, working in pairs, or working in small
teams), in order to improve the process efficiency and parallelism. The PADRE
process uses the spiral model at multiple levels - the project level, the phase
level, and the individual software module level - thus creating the ``spiral in a
spiral in a spiral" effect.
Approve
Plan
Do
Evaluate
Review and Revise
Figure 3 - The spiral model of software development (after [9] and [41])
The JNIDS model (Joint National Intelligence Development Staff) [5] is
similar to the spiral model in that it is also iterative and incremental. There are,
however, six tasks in the JNIDS model: requirements analysis, team
orchestration (i.e. the team-building stages, ``forming, storming, norming, and
performing"), design, coding, integration, and system implementation (delivery
and maintenance). The model prescribes to iterate through all six tasks in every
phase of software development. There are five phases (requirements
identification, prototype development, the breadth of system functionality,
system functionality refinement, and transition). They differ in the amount of
time and effort they dedicate to each specific task. The first phase focuses most
on requirements analysis, the second one focuses most on team orchestration,
and so on. The last phase is concentrated most on integration and maintenance.
Hence on the time axis the shift of the focus of attention in different phases
generates a waterfall-like shape if the six tasks are put on the ordinal axis.
However, an important difference between the classical waterfall and JNIDS
models is that in the JNIDS model developers conduct their activities through all
tasks in each phase.
The Unified Process for object-oriented software development [24], Figure
4, has recently become very popular. It is also iterative and incremental, just like
the spiral and JNIDS models. All of its iterations go through five core workflows
(tasks) shown in Figure 4, and are grouped in four phases - inception (resulting
in a global vision of the software product), elaboration (detailed analysis and
design of the baseline architecture), construction (building the system's initial
capability), and transition (product release). Just like in the JNIDS model, Figure
4 shows ``fuzzified" traces of the waterfall model in the Unified Process. The

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