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1033.503-536/MLA.1
10/11/05
8:32 AM
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MLA DOCUMENTATION FORM
Holland 5
the black market (E-mail). These conditions are a sharp turnaround from
the health care system before the sanctions. The United Nations reports
that before 1991, Iraq had a health care system that covered 97 percent of
the urban population and 78 percent of the rural population. Iraq also
had a welfare system that supported orphans, disabled children, and poor
families (“United Nations”). The Iraqi people no longer receive quality
health care because of the UN economic sanctions and Saddam Hussein’s
refusal to comply with UN resolutions.
Iraq’s people are not responsible for Saddam Hussein’s aggression, but
11
they have been forced to suffer under the economic sanctions. In fact,
many people believe that the suffering of innocent civilians makes
economic sanctions illegal under the just-war doctrine. David Cortright, a
A quotation
is used
researcher for International Peace Studies at the University of Notre Dame,
because of
explains that according to the just-war doctrine, warring countries cannot
its power and
target vulnerable populations, such as the elderly, women, and children.
authority.
Cortright goes on to argue that “[i]f decision makers in war are bound by
A change
from upper-
the moral criteria of the just-war doctrine, those imposing economic
case in the
sanctions must be similarly bound by such constraints. The principle of
original to
lowercase is
civilian immunity applies no less in the imposition of economic sanctions
shown with
than in the conduct of war” (Cortright and Lopez 740). In the same way,
brackets.
others argue that economic sanctions place Iraq under a siege that harms
civilians much more than it harms the military (Gordon 391). The
economic sanctions cripple the most vulnerable people in Iraq while doing
The writer
summarizes
little to force Saddam Hussein to follow the United Nations’ resolutions.
the central
The sanctions must be changed both to relieve people’s suffering and to
argument he
has been
keep Hussein from developing weapons of mass destruction.
making.
Because of pressure from humanitarian groups, the United Nations
12
has been searching for many years for a solution to the suffering. In 1995,
the UN convinced Hussein to accept a temporary solution called the “food
Attempts to
for oil program” (“Iraqi Oil Exports”). Under this program, Iraq was
solve the
problem are
allowed to sell a certain amount of oil, and the money from these sales
explored.
went into an account controlled by the United Nations. The UN then used
that money to pay war debts and to allow Iraq to buy food and medicine
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