Acids
a nd
B ases
T able
L :
9.
S trongest
b ase
=
T OP
Reference
T able
E ,
F ,
J ,
M ,
P eriodic
T able
W eakest
b ase
=
B OTTOM
1.
E lectrolyte:
10.
P roperties
o f
A cids
Electrolytes
a re
s ubstances
t hat
b ecome
i ons
i n
s olution
and
c onduct
e lectricity.
a.
T urn
b lue
l itmus
r ed
b.
p H
l ess
t han
7 .0
2.
N on-‐electrolyte:
a
c ompound
t hat
d oes
n ot
b reak
i nto
c.
R eact
w ith
m etals
t o
f orm
s alt
a nd
H
g as.
S ee
t able
J .
2
i ons
i n
s olutions
o r
w hen
m elted.
d.
T aste
s our
e.
R eact
w ith
b ase
t o
f orm
s alt
a nd
w ater
( neutralization)
f.
C onduct
e lectricity.
g.
T hey
c ontain
m ore
H
( H
O
)
t han
( OH
)
Substance
IONS
+
+
-‐
3
salt
NaCl
+
-‐
Na
,
C l
11.
P roperties
o f
b ases
acids
HCl
+
-‐
H
,
C l
bases
NaOH
+
-‐
Na
,
C l
a.
T urn
r ed
l itmus
b lue,
p ink
i n
p henolphthalein
b.
p H
g reater
t han
7 .0
3.
A rrhenius
T heory
c.
R eact
w ith
a cids
t o
f orm
s alt
a nd
w ater
( neutralization)
a .
A cid:
g ives
o ff
a s
a
H
i on,
a s
t he
O NLY
p ositive
i on
+
d.
T aste
b itter
b .
B ase:
g ives
o ff
a n
O H¯ˉ
i on
e.
F eel
s lippery
f.
C onduct
e lectricity
H Cl
à
H
+
C l
+
-‐
g.
T hey
c ontain
m ore
O H
t han
H
-‐
+
4.
B ronsted-‐Lowry
T heory
12.
p H
s cale
a .
A cid:
p roton
d onor
( loses
H
)
+
b .
B ase:
p roton
a cceptor
( gains
H
)
+
0
7
1 4
H
+
Strong
a cid
n eutral
s trong
b ase
[H
>
[ OH
]
[ H
]
=
[ OH
]
[ H
]
<
[ OH
]
+]
-‐
+
-‐
+
-‐
N H
+
H
O
à
N H
+
O H
+
-‐
3
2
4
13.
W hat
m aterials
d o
y ou
u se
t o
m easure
t he
p H
o f
a
B ase
A cid
A cid
+
B ase
solution?
a.
pH
m eter
H
+
b.
phydrion
p aper
o r
p H
p aper
5.
A mphoteric
o r
a
mphiprotic:
s ubstances
c an
b ehave
a s
14.
p H
o f
t he
s olution:
an
a cid
o r
a
b ase.
I f
[ H
]
=
1 .0
x
1 0
+
-‐3
H
+
p H
=
3
( acidic
s olution)
*[
]
=
i t
m eans
c oncentration
b ase
a cid
a cid
b ase
H
O
+
H
O
à
H
O
+
O H
+
─
2
2
3
15.
N eutralization
a .
A cid
+
B ase
à
s alt
+ water
H
+
b .
H
+
O H
à
H
O
( net
r eaction)
+
-‐
2
S alts
a re
i onic
c ompounds
t hat
d issociate
t o
6.
S alt:
form
c ations
o ther
t han
H
a nd
a nions
o ther
t han
O H
.
+
-‐
16.
R eview:
a) Molecular
e quation:
-‐
Example:
N aCl,
N a
&
C l
+
( NH
)
PO
,
N H
&
P O
+
3-‐
4
3
4
4
4
à
NaOH
( aq)
+ HCl
( aq)
N aCl
( aq)
+ H
O
( l)
2
*
S ee
t able
E
b) Ionic
e quation:
7.
T able
J :
Na
(aq)
+
O H
( aq)+
H
( aq)+
C l
(aq)
N a
( aq)
+
C l
(aq)
+
H
O
( l)
à
+
-‐
+
-‐
+
-‐
2
C u
( copper),
A g
( silver),
a nd
A u
( gold)
a re
l ess
a ctive
t han
H
.
2
c) Spectator
i on:
N a
( aq),
C l
(aq)
+
-‐
8.
T able
K :
S trongest
a cid
=
T OP
d) Net
i onic
e quation
O H
+
H
à
H
O
-‐
+
W eakest
a cid
=
B OTTOM
2