8.5 Formation Of Binary Ionic Compounds

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8.5 Formation of Binary Ionic Compounds
8.5 Formation of Binary Ionic Compounds
Ionic bonding is the complete transfer of valence electron(s) between atoms and is a type of chemical bond that generates
two oppositely charged ions. It is observed because metals with few electrons in its outer-most orbital. By losing those
electrons, these metals can achieve noble-gas configuration and satisfy the
octet
rule. Similarly, nonmetals that have
close to 8 electrons in its valence shell tend to readily accept electrons to achieve its noble gas configuration.
Introduction
In ionic bonding,
electrons are transferred from one atom to another resulting in the formation of positive and negative ions. The
The predicted overall energy of the
electrostatic attractions between the positive and negative ions hold the compound together.
ionic bonding process, which includes the
ionization energy
of the metal and
electron affinity
of the nonmetal, is usually
positive, indicating that the reaction is endothermic and unfavorable. However, this reaction is highly favorable because
of their electrostatic attraction. At the most ideal inter-atomic distance, attraction between these particles releases enough
energy to facilitate the reaction. Most ionic compounds tend to dissociate in polar solvents because they are often polar.
This phenomenon is due to the opposite charges on each ions.
At a simple level, a lot of importance is attached to the electronic structures of noble gases like neon or argon which have eight electrons
in their outer energy levels (or two in the case of helium). These noble gas structures are thought of as being in some way a "desirable"
thing for an atom to have. One may well have been left with the strong impression that when other atoms react, they try to organize
things such that their outer levels are either completely full or completely empty.
Example: Bonding in NaCl
Sodium Chloride:
Sodium (2,8,1) has 1 electron more than a stable noble gas structure (2,8). If it gave away that electron it would become more
stable.
Chlorine (2,8,7) has 1 electron short of a stable noble gas structure (2,8,8). If it could gain an electron from somewhere it too
would become more stable.
The answer is obvious. If a sodium atom gives an electron to a chlorine atom, both become more stable.
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