Monitoring Growth And Maturation Sheet

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MONITORING GROWTH AND MATURATION
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PLAYGROUND TO PODIUM
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Early and Late Maturing Children Drop Out of Sport at Different Times For Different Reasons
Planning For the Sporting Excellence and Well-being of Canadians
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This growth chart supports a 7-stage Canadian model of Long-Term Athlete Development (LTAD), a training, competition, and
Early and late developers
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recovery program based on developmental age — the maturation level of an individual — rather than chronological age. It is
approximately the same
athlete centred, coach driven, and administration, sport science, and sponsor supported. Athletes who progress through LTAD
size and weight
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experience training and competition in programs that consider their biological and training ages in creating periodized plans
specific to their development needs. For more information on the Canadian LTAD please visit
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Males who develop early
Pre-adolescence
When a coach considers a; training, competition and recovery program for an athlete, the
are bigger and stronger
age of the athlete must be considered. This is not done simply by checking the date of birth
than late developers and
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Maturation in Girls and Boys
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(chronological age). There are a number of ages which must be considered, including:
often have success. Late
developers tend to drop
1. Developmental Age (Physical, Mental and Emotional)
out at this age.
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2. Chronological Age
3. Biological Age
4. Skeletal Age
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5. Relative Age
6. General Sport Training Age
Females who develop
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7 . Sport-specific Training Age
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early fall behind late
developers in performance
Development refers to “the interrelationship between growth and maturation in relation to the
because rapid breast and
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passage of time. The concept of development also includes the social, emotional, intellectual,
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hip-width development
and motor realms of the child.”
impedes performance.
Early
Early developers therefore
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Developmental Age refers to the degree of physical, mental, cognitive, and emotional maturity.
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Adolescence
tend to drop out.
Physical developmental age can be determined by skeletal maturity or bone age after which
mental, cognitive, and emotional maturity is incorporated.
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Chronological Age refers to the number of years and days elapsed since birth. Children of the
Early Adulthood
same chronological age can differ by several years in their level of biological maturation.
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Males who develop late end up bigger and
Biological Age is a variable that corresponds roughly to chronological age, determined by
stronger than early developers and now have
measures of morphological, skeletal, dental or sexual age.
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success (if they stayed in sport). Early developers
tend to drop out at this age.
Skeletal Age refers to the maturity of the skeleton determined by the degree of ossification of
the bone structure. It is a measure of age that takes into consideration how far given bones have
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Late developing females’ eventual breast and hip-
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progressed toward maturity, not in size, but with respect to shape and position to one another.
width development starts to impede performance.
As a result early developers (if they stayed in sport)
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Relative Age also plays an important role in coaching decisions. “The relative age effect
capability catches up now, causing late developers to
describes the observation that greater numbers of performers born early in a selection year are
drop out as success becomes more challenging.
over-represented in junior and senior elite squads compared with what might be expected based
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on national birth rates.” (19) This means that a child born on January 1st may participate in the
same programs as a child born on December 31st of the same year, although one is almost a
Late developers
Mid-adolescence
Late-adolescence
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year older than the other. It is well documented that relative age has a great advantage in athletic
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eventually catch-up and
selections. (19) The age group cut-off date for entry into organized youth sport is August 1st in
pass early developers in
English school sports and January 1st in Canadian ice hockey. In many different sports the relative
physical development.
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age effect is clear to see.
Adapted from “Growing Up” by J.M. Tanner
Scientific American 1973
General Training Age refers to the number of years in training, sampling different sports.
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Sport-specific Training Age refers to the number of years since an athlete decided to specialize
in one particular sport.
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If relative age, a 10-12 month difference, can have such a big impact on selection, participation and performance, it is quite obvious that the domain of early and late maturers needs very special
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attention, which points out the possible 4-5 years of maturation differences. Thus, the understanding of the maturation process and its consequences is crucially important for athletes, coaches, parents,
teachers and sport administrators.
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Peak Height Velocity (PHV)
How to Measure PHV
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PHV is the maximum rate of growth in stature during growth spurt. The age of maximum velocity of growth is called the age at PHV.
Tools and equipment for measuring
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PHV in girls occurs at about 12 years of age. Usually the first physical sign of adolescence is breast budding, which occurs slightly after the onset of the
When considering the equipment needed for measurement, one must look at how much emphasis is going to be put on the
growth spurt. Shortly thereafter, pubic hair begins to grow. Menarche, or the onset of menstruation, comes rather late in the growth spurt, occurring
measurement of stature. If stature data is going to be heavily incorporated into training plans, data must be very accurate, and thus,
after PHV is achieved. The sequence of developmental events may normally occur 2 or even more years earlier or later than average.
the more expensive the purchased equipment should be.
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Ideal equipment:
What to Measure?
PHV in boys is more intense than in girls and on average occurs about 2 years later. Growth of the testes, pubic hair, and penis are related to the
Determining the rate of growth is dependent on accurate
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maturation process. Peak Strength Velocity (PSV) comes a year or so after PHV. Thus, there is pronounced late gain in strength characteristics of the
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• A free standing or wall mounted
measurements; therefore, measurements need to be made to the
male athlete. As with girls, the developmental sequence for male athletes may occur 2 or more years earlier or later than average. Early maturing boys
stadiometer (pictured)
nearest 0.1 cm. Each athlete should be measured and recorded
may have as much as a 4-year physiological advantage over their late-maturing peers. Eventually, the late maturers will catch up when they experience
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• This stadiometer would need to have
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twice, but these measurements should not differ by more than 0.4
their growth spurt.
sliding headboards and a dial or
cm. If they do not differ by more than 0.4 cm, the mean of the two
digital (or digital read outs), which
measurements should be taken. If they do differ by more than 0.4 cm,
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would aid in the ease of use
a third measurement should be taken, and the median of all three
Maturity Events in Girls
Maturity Events in Boys
(Modified after Ross et al.1977)
(Modified after Ross et al.1977)
measurements should be calculated.
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Acceptable equipment includes:
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Example 1 – Two measurements within 0.4 cm of each other
• An anthropometer or retractable
steel measuring tape
Stature measurement #1 - 166.2 cm
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Stature measurement #2 - 166.3 cm
• A headboard
• A smooth floor with a straight flat
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The above two measurements are within the acceptable range and the
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wall at 90 degrees
mean measurement recorded as 166.3 cm.
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Unacceptable equipment includes:
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Example 2 – Two measurements not within 0.4 cm each other
Stature measurement #1 - 158.2 cm
• A cloth measuring tape
Stature measurement #2 - 162.9 cm
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• Flexible material
Stature measurement #3 - 162.6 cm
• Carpeted floor
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• An uneven floor
The above two measurements are not within 0.4 cm of each other;
therefore, the median of the three scores needs to be used, and the
• No backboard
recorded score is 162.6 cm.
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Determining a Velocity Curve
Developmental Age
The Six Phases of Growth
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To determine the velocity curve, the increase in stature from one measurement time
period to the next consecutive measurement time period is subtracted one from the
Radiographs of two 14 year old boys:
PHV is the fastest rate of growth during the adolescent growth spurt; it can be used as a guide to growth and physical maturity during
other. For example, from 9 years to 10 years the increase in stature is 5.0 cm. By plotting
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(bottom) bone age 12 ‘years’; (top)
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adolescence, and can be used to identify the maximum growth rates of children. In order to track PHV, data must be collected on a
the velocity curves it will be possible to clearly distinguish the rate of growth from one
bone age 16 ‘years’.
longitudinal basis, with the analysis of models
point in time to another. The velocity curve will immediately show distinctive growth
Phase
Phase
Phase
Phase
Phase
Phase
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and graphs (13,14). Somatic (musclo-skeletal)
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1
2
3
4
5
6
points (for example, the onset of the acceleration in the curve, the peak in the curve and
CM
growth in the form of PHV follows six phases:
the deceleration in the curve).
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Very Rapid Growth
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1. Very rapid growth and deceleration in
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When measuring a child’s height, it is important to pay
infancy and early childhood
special attention to technique, if results are to be of use.
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Ideally, two measurers should be present; one to perform
2. A steady growth during middle
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Very Rapid Deceleration
the positioning of the athlete, while the other records the
childhood
actual measurement. If a second measurer is not available, it
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3. A rapid growth during adolescent spurt
Rapid Deceleration
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is still possible to get valid results; however, extra attention to
Rapid Growth
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(PHV can be identified)
technique should be paid.
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4. Rapid deceleration after the peak
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Slow Deceleration
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Proper Measuring = Measuring Height
5. Slow deceleration
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Cessation
Steady Growth
The orbitale (O) is located on the lower or most inferior
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of Growth
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6. Cessation of growth
margin of the eye socket. The tragion (T) is the notch above
0
or superior to the tragus or flap of the ear, at the superior
For Phase 2, 3, and 4 all three measurements
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Modified after Ross et al.1977
Age
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
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aspect of the zygomatic bone. This position corresponds
should be taken every 3 months.
almost exactly to the visual axis when the subject is looking
directly ahead.
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Plotting a Velocity Curve
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Standing Height (Example - See Veocity Curve Below)
Sitting Height
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Age
8-9
9-10
10-11
11-12
12-13
13-14
Age
8-9
9-10
10-11
11-12
12-13
13-14
Growth in cm
0.9
1.3
3
1
1.5
3
2.6
1.5
2
5
3
2
1.5
2.7
2
1.5
Growth in cm
5
6
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Total Growth in cm
Total Growth in cm
5
6
6.2
8.6
12
7.7
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14-15
15-16
16-17
17-18
18-19
19-20
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14-15
15-16
16-17
17-18
18-19
19-20
1.6
2.1
2.0
1.6
1.4
0.7
0.9
1.0
1.1
0.5
0.6
1.0
0.7
0.3
0.5
0.6
0.0
0.4
0.4
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.5
0.0
7.00
4.00
3.2
2.1
0.8
0.5
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Standing Height
Arm Span
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Age
Age
8-9
9-10
10-11
11-12
12-13
13-14
8-9
9-10
10-11
11-12
12-13
13-14
Growth in cm
Growth in cm
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Total Growth in cm
Total Growth in cm
14-15
15-16
16-17
17-18
18-19
19-20
14-15
15-16
16-17
17-18
18-19
19-20
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Plotted Velocity Curve (Example) - Standing Height
Plotting the Growth Velocity Curve for Standing Height
Plotting the Growth Velocity Curve for Sitting Height
Plotting the Growth Velocity Curve for Arm Span
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14
15
15
15
135
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135
10
cm/year
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10
10
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8
6
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4
5
5
5
2
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0
Age
0
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Age
0
6
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8
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10
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Age
0
6
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10
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20
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Protocols For Measurement
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The Figure at left shows the distribution of birth-months
How to Use the Growth Information
Month and Birth of Elite Hockey Players
of players in two Canadian major junior hockey leagues
Standing Height Measurement
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(the Ontario Junior Hockey League and the Western
• The student stands erect in bare feet with heels,
Hockey League). The data indicate that the probability
• Measuring PHV is a tool to monitor growth and
buttocks and shoulders pressed against the
of success in high calibre hockey is dramatically reduced
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stadiometre.
maturation.
for those born at the end of the year. Furthermore,
• Heels together with arms hanging freely by the side
among National League Hockey Players who were active
• Monitoring growth velocity curves and recognizing the
(palms facing thighs).
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in the early 1980s, about 40% were born in the first
timing and tempo of growth is essential to coaches
• The tester applies gentle upward traction to the skull
quarter of the year, 30% in the second, 20% in the
when training adolescent athletes (pre-pubertal and
behind the ears.
third, and less than 10% were born in the final quarter.
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pubertal).
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• The student should look straight ahead, take a deep
breath and stand as tall as possible.
In terms of playing at a high level, boys born in the last
• By monitoring growth and plotting the patterns of
part of the year have a much lower chance than those
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• Draw down the measuring bar to the student’s head
growth can help coaches in decision making how to
and record standing height to the nearest 0.1cm.
born at the beginning of the year. The fact that January
adjust training, competition and recovery programs
and December, which are juxtaposed, show such
according to the velocity of growth.
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Source: Barnsley RH, Thompson AH, Barnsley PE (1985). Hockey success and birth-date: The relative
dissimilar results, suggests that it is not the weather
Sitting Height Measurement
age effect. Journal of the Canadian Association for Health, Physical Education, and Recreation, Nov.-
during conception or birth that has made the difference.
• By measuring standing height, sitting height and arm
Dec., 23-28.
• Student sits on the base of the stadiometre with
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span every three months after the onset of the PHV will
knees slightly bent. Hands rested on knees.
help to determine what part of the body is growing
• The buttocks and shoulders rest lightly against the
and what velocity. (Usually the foot and the hand; the
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stadiometre, which is positioned vertically behind
legs after, the arms after and the trunk finally and with
Physical Literacy is the Foundation For Lifelong Physical Activity and Podium Performances
the student. Ensure there is no gap between
Peak Weight Velocity the body will fill out).
( - Developing Physical Literacy)
buttocks of student and stadiometre.
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• The tester applies gentle upwards traction to the
• The parent/coach will have a better understanding
skull behind the ears to ensure the trunk is fully
of the impact of growth on skill, on speed and on
stretched.
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flexibility.
• Draw down the measuring bar to the students head
and record sitting height to the nearest 0.1cm.
• Although the trainability of skill, speed and suppleness
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• Once sitting height is calculated, it can be
is based on chronological age, biological markers can
subtracted from the stature score, in order to derive
identify the sensitive periods of trainability to exploit
the leg length height.
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the adaptation to training for stamina and strength.
Arm Span Measurement
• Thus, the timing of the training emphasis can be
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determined to induce optimal training effect.
• Mount a tape measure on the wall about shoulder
height of the students being tested. Ensure the
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• Program planning; periodization will “react” to the
starting point of the tape measure is fixed to a
patterns of growth to define the training programs
corner of a wall. This is where the student’s fingers
versus improvising decision making on these crucial
must be fixed.
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issues.
• The student stands erect with their stomach and
toes facing the wall, feet together and head turned
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• Planning, designing programs for the adolescent
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to the right.
Influence of Maturation
athletes should abandon program planning based on
• The arms are extended laterally at shoulder level
chronological age and use developmental age instead.
(horizontal) with palms facing forwards. Fingers
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stretched.
For Further Information On Measuring
• The tip of the middle finger is aligned with the
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beginning of the tape measure (corner of wall) and
Growth Go To
arms are out-stretched along the tape measure.
• Use a ruler held vertically to the tape measure to
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record total arm span to the nearest 0.1cm.
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Creating a Simple Measurement Tool For Standing Height
1. Put a strip of tape vertically on the wall or door edge at about head height.
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2. Stand the child with their back to the flat surface, with their heels and head touching the surface.
3. Place a cereal box on their head, long side against the flat surface.
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4. With the child looking straight ahead, mark the height on the flat surface [tape] using the underside of the box as a guide.
5. Measure the distance from the floor to the mark on the flat surface. Zero point of tape on the floor. Record the distance as height.
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Protocols Adapted & Modified From British Diving
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For more information on Canadian LTAD please visit
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