= ℎ
=
Energy of a photon:
energy = Planck’s constant x frequency
=
Speed of light:
speed of light = frequency x wavelength
=
=
Ideal Gas Law:
pressure x volume = moles x ideal gas constant x temperature
1
1
2
2
1
1
2
2
1
2
1
2
=
1
Combined Gas Law :
2
2
2
=
=
Kinetic Energy:
kinetic energy = ½ mass x velocity
Molarity:
+
pH:
pH = - log [H
]
pH = -log(hydrogen ion concentration)
Dilution:
V
M
= V
M
volume
x molarity
= volume
x molarity
1
1
2
2
1
1
2
2
∆
Heat of Fusion:
Q = m
H
heat = mass x heat of fusion
fus
∆
Heat of Vaporization:
Q = m
H
heat = mass x heat of vaporization
vap
∆
=
�
�
amount remaining = initial amount x �
�
ℎ −
Change in Enthalpy (Heat):
Q = m(
T)C
heat = mass x change in temperature x specific heat capacity
1
1
p
0
2
2
=
Radioactive Decay:
ℎ −
1
Half-life:
number of half-lives =
2
=
∙ 100%
| − |
Percent Error:
= �
� ∙ 100%
ℎ
Percent Yield:
Constants
Conversions
8
Speed of light:
c = 3.00 x 10
meters/s
Calorie to Joule:
1 cal = 4.184 J
℉ = �
K = °C + 273
� ℃ + 32
-34
Planck’s Constant:
h = 6.63 x 10
joule⋅s
Temperature:
9
5
23
Avogadro’s Number:
N
= 6.022 x 10
Temperature:
A
Volume of a Gas at 0°C and 101.3 kPa:
V
= 22.4
Pressure:
1 atm = 760 Torr = 101.3 kPa
m