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matplot(x,y) bivariate plot of the ﬁrst column of x vs. the ﬁrst one of y,

mtext(text, side=3, line=0, ...) adds text given by text in

lty controls the type of lines, can be an integer or string (1: "solid",

the second one of x vs. the second one of y, etc.

the margin speciﬁed by side (see axis() below); line speciﬁes the

2: "dashed", 3: "dotted", 4: "dotdash", 5: "longdash", 6:

fourfoldplot(x) visualizes, with quarters of circles, the association be-

line from the plotting area

"twodash", or a string of up to eight characters (between "0" and

tween two dichotomous variables for different populations (x must

segments(x0, y0, x1, y1) draws lines from points (x0,y0) to points

"9") which speciﬁes alternatively the length, in points or pixels, of

be an array with dim=c(2, 2, k), or a matrix with dim=c(2, 2) if

(x1,y1)

the drawn elements and the blanks, for example lty="44" will have

arrows(x0, y0, x1, y1, angle= 30, code=2) id. with arrows

the same effect than lty=2

assocplot(x) Cohen–Friendly graph showing the deviations from inde-

at points (x0,y0) if code=2, at points (x1,y1) if code=1, or both if

lwd a numeric which controls the width of lines, default 1

pendence of rows and columns in a two dimensional contingency ta-

code=3; angle controls the angle from the shaft of the arrow to the

mar a vector of 4 numeric values which control the space between the axes

ble

edge of the arrow head

and the border of the graph of the form c(bottom, left, top,

mosaicplot(x) ‘mosaic’ graph of the residuals from a log-linear regres-

abline(a,b) draws a line of slope b and intercept a

right), the default values are c(5.1, 4.1, 4.1, 2.1)

sion of a contingency table

abline(h=y) draws a horizontal line at ordinate y

mfcol a vector of the form c(nr,nc) which partitions the graphic window

pairs(x) if x is a matrix or a data frame, draws all possible bivariate plots

abline(v=x) draws a vertical line at abcissa x

as a matrix of nr lines and nc columns, the plots are then drawn in

between the columns of x

abline(lm.obj) draws the regression line given by lm.obj

columns

plot.ts(x) if x is an object of class "ts", plot of x with respect to time, x

rect(x1, y1, x2, y2) draws a rectangle which left, right, bottom, and

mfrow id. but the plots are drawn by row

may be multivariate but the series must have the same frequency and

top limits are x1, x2, y1, and y2, respectively

pch controls the type of symbol, either an integer between 1 and 25, or any

dates

polygon(x, y) draws a polygon linking the points with coordinates given

single character within ""

ts.plot(x) id. but if x is multivariate the series may have different dates

by x and y

and must have the same frequency

legend(x, y, legend) adds the legend at the point (x,y) with the sym-

qqnorm(x) quantiles of x with respect to the values expected under a nor-

bols given by legend

ps an integer which controls the size in points of texts and symbols

mal law

title() adds a title and optionally a sub-title

pty a character which speciﬁes the type of the plotting region, "s": square,

qqplot(x, y) quantiles of y with respect to the quantiles of x

axis(side, vect) adds an axis at the bottom (side=1), on the left (2),

"m": maximal

contour(x, y, z) contour plot (data are interpolated to draw the

at the top (3), or on the right (4); vect (optional) gives the abcissa (or

tck a value which speciﬁes the length of tick-marks on the axes as a fraction

curves), x and y must be vectors and z must be a matrix so that

ordinates) where tick-marks are drawn

of the smallest of the width or height of the plot; if tck=1 a grid is

dim(z)=c(length(x), length(y)) (x and y may be omitted)

rug(x) draws the data x on the x-axis as small vertical lines

drawn

filled.contour(x, y, z) id. but the areas between the contours are

locator(n, type="n", ...) returns the coordinates (x y) after the

tcl a value which speciﬁes the length of tick-marks on the axes as a fraction

coloured, and a legend of the colours is drawn as well

user has clicked n times on the plot with the mouse; also draws sym-

of the height of a line of text (by default tcl=-0.5)

image(x, y, z) id. but with colours (actual data are plotted)

bols (type="p") or lines (type="l") with respect to optional graphic

xaxt if xaxt="n" the x-axis is set but not drawn (useful in conjonction with

persp(x, y, z) id. but in perspective (actual data are plotted)

parameters (...); by default nothing is drawn (type="n")

axis(side=1, ...))

stars(x) if x is a matrix or a data frame, draws a graph with segments or a

yaxt if yaxt="n" the y-axis is set but not drawn (useful in conjonction with

Graphical parameters

star where each row of x is represented by a star and the columns are

axis(side=2, ...))

These can be set globally with par(...); many can be passed as parameters

the lengths of the segments

to plotting commands.

symbols(x, y, ...) draws, at the coordinates given by x and y, sym-

adj controls text justiﬁcation (0 left-justiﬁed, 0.5 centred, 1 right-justiﬁed)

bols (circles, squares, rectangles, stars, thermometres or “boxplots”)

bg speciﬁes the colour of the background (ex. : bg="red", bg="blue", . . .

Lattice (Trellis) graphics

which sizes, colours . . . are speciﬁed by supplementary arguments

the list of the 657 available colours is displayed with colors())

termplot(mod.obj) plot of the (partial) effects of a regression model

xyplot(y˜x) bivariate plots (with many functionalities)

bty controls the type of box drawn around the plot, allowed values are: "o",

(mod.obj)

barchart(y˜x) histogram of the values of y with respect to those of x

"l", "7", "c", "u" ou "]" (the box looks like the corresponding char-

The following parameters are common to many plotting functions:

dotplot(y˜x) Cleveland dot plot (stacked plots line-by-line and column-

acter); if bty="n" the box is not drawn

add=FALSE if TRUE superposes the plot on the previous one (if it exists)

by-column)

cex a value controlling the size of texts and symbols with respect to the de-

axes=TRUE if FALSE does not draw the axes and the box

densityplot(˜x) density functions plot

fault; the following parameters have the same control for numbers on

type="p" speciﬁes the type of plot, "p": points, "l": lines, "b": points

histogram(˜x) histogram of the frequencies of x

the axes, cex.axis, the axis labels, cex.lab, the title, cex.main,

connected by lines, "o": id. but the lines are over the points, "h":

bwplot(y˜x) “box-and-whiskers” plot

and the sub-title, cex.sub

vertical lines, "s": steps, the data are represented by the top of the

qqmath(˜x) quantiles of x with respect to the values expected under a the-

col controls the color of symbols and lines; use color names: "red", "blue"

vertical lines, "S": id. but the data are represented by the bottom of

oretical distribution

see colors() or as "#RRGGBB"; see rgb(), hsv(), gray(), and

the vertical lines

stripplot(y˜x) single dimension plot, x must be numeric, y may be a

rainbow(); as for cex there are: col.axis, col.lab, col.main,

xlim=, ylim= speciﬁes the lower and upper limits of the axes, for exam-

factor

col.sub

ple with xlim=c(1, 10) or xlim=range(x)

qq(y˜x) quantiles to compare two distributions, x must be numeric, y may

font an integer which controls the style of text (1: normal, 2: italics, 3:

xlab=, ylab= annotates the axes, must be variables of mode character

be numeric, character, or factor but must have two ‘levels’

bold, 4: bold italics); as for cex there are: font.axis, font.lab,

main= main title, must be a variable of mode character

splom(˜x) matrix of bivariate plots

font.main, font.sub

sub= sub-title (written in a smaller font)

parallel(˜x) parallel coordinates plot

las an integer which controls the orientation of the axis labels (0: parallel to

Low-level plotting commands

levelplot(z˜x * y|g1 * g2) coloured plot of the values of z at the coor-

the axes, 1: horizontal, 2: perpendicular to the axes, 3: vertical)

dinates given by x and y (x, y and z are all of the same length)

points(x, y) adds points (the option type= can be used)

wireframe(z˜x * y|g1 * g2) 3d surface plot

lines(x, y) id. but with lines

cloud(z˜x * y|g1 * g2) 3d scatter plot

text(x, y, labels, ...) adds text given by labels at coordi-

nates (x,y); a typical use is: plot(x, y, type="n"); text(x, y,

names)

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