Ex:
Premise 1:
All cars are expensive.
Premise 2:
All machines are expensive.
Conclusion:
Therefore, all cars are machines.
Are expensive
Cars
Adding “All machines are expensive” can be done in four ways:
Are expensive
Are expensive
Are expensive
Are expensive
Cars
Machines
Cars
Cars
Machines
Machines
Cars
Machines
Not all diagrams illustrate the argument’s conclusion that “All cars are machines.” (The first two
diagrams do not). The argument is invalid.
Ex:
Premise 1:
All people are mortal.
Premise 2:
Some mortals are cats.
Conclusion:
Therefore, some people are cats.
Cats