Advanced Writing Cheat Sheet Page 2
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47. Gerund (a verb that ends in “ing” and acts as a noun)
Ex.: Traveling to different countries and experiencing different cultures creates learning opportunities.
Ex.: Listening well requires not only concentration but also action.
8. Participial Phrase (a verb that ends in “ing” or “ed” and acts as an adjective)
Ex.: Considering the matter fully, Marco decided to undertake the project.
Ex.: Stressed by the length of the test, Joel constantly watched the clock as he worked.
9. Subordinating Conjunction/Subordinate Clause
Ex.: Because the rains came suddenly, traffic backed up quickly.
Ex.: Although Juanita knew it would be a daunting task, she gritted her teeth and started the job.
Common Subordinating Conjunctions:
after
although
as
as if
as long as
as though
because
before
even if
even though
if
if only
in order that now that
provided that
rather than
since
so that
so long as
than
that
though
unless
until
when
whenever
where
whereas
wherever
while
Common Subordinating Relative Pronouns:
that
which
whichever
who
whoever
whom
whose whosever
whomever
10. Conjunctive Adverb (“transition” that indicates a relationship between clauses)
A. Used at the beginning of the sentence
Ex.: Similarly, Gail found herself watching the clock but for a different reason; she had
finished the test early due to her diligent preparation.
Ex.: Moreover, she had no work to keep her busy because she had completed that as well.
B. Used to join two join clauses
Ex.: The dark skies and distant thunder dissuaded Clarice from her afternoon run; moreover, she had thirty
calculus problems to solve for her morning class.
Ex.: Leon's apartment complex does not allow dogs over thirty pounds; otherwise, he would have bought the
gangly Great Dane puppy playing in the pet store window.
Common Conjunctive Adverbs:
accordingly
additionally
again
as a result
besides
certainly
comparatively
consequently
contrarily
conversely
finally
further
furthermore
equally
hence
however
just as
identically
in addition
in comparison
in contrast
in fact
incidentally
indeed
instead
likewise
meanwhile
moreover
nevertheless
nonetheless
notably
otherwise
rather
similarly
subsequently
still
then
thereafter
therefore
thus
undoubtedly
uniquely
Sentence Types
All English sentences may be classified according to their structure. Sentences are comprised of clauses. An independent clause is a
group of words that has a subject and a verb and expresses a complete thought. A subordinate clause is a group of words that has a
subject and a verb but does not express a complete thought; it cannot stand alone as a sentence.
1. A simple sentence contains one independent clause and no subordinate clauses. A simple sentence may have a compound (more
than one) subject or verb, or both.
Ex. Through the long, cold winter, Mr. Osaka plowed the snow.
Ex. Juanita and Todd worked hard and completed their project early.
2. A compound sentence contains two or more independent clauses but no subordinate clauses. They are joined using a
comma and a coordinating conjunction or by using a semicolon.
Ex. Ten of the athletes started college together, but only four of them graduated.
Ex. Someone told a joke about Texans; my friend from Dallas did not laugh.
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