Ap Chemistry Review Sheet - Winston Churchill High School, 2016-2017 Page 9
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15AP Chemistry
Summer Review
Winston Churchill High School
2016-2017
3. Salts containing Cl
, Br
, F-, and I
are generally soluble. Important exceptions to
-
-
-
this rule are halide salts of Ag
, Pb
, and (Hg
)
. Thus, AgCl, PbBr
, and Hg
Cl
are
+
2+
2+
2
2
2
2
all insoluble.
4. Most silver salts are insoluble. AgNO
and AgC
H
O
are common soluble salts of
3
2
3
2
silver; virtually anything else is insoluble.
5. Most sulfate salts are soluble. Important exceptions to this rule include BaSO
,
4
PbSO
, Ag
SO
and SrSO
.
4
2
4
4
6. Most hydroxide salts are only slightly soluble. Hydroxide salts of Group I elements
are soluble. Hydroxide salts of Group II elements (Ca, Sr, and Ba) are slightly
soluble. Hydroxide salts of transition metals and Al
are insoluble. Thus, Fe(OH)
,
3+
3
Al(OH)
, and Co(OH)
are not soluble.
3
2
7. Most sulfides of transition metals are highly insoluble. Thus, CdS, FeS, ZnS, and
Ag
S are all insoluble. Arsenic, antimony, bismuth, and lead sulfides are also
2
insoluble.
8. Most chromates, phosphates, bicarbonates, and carbonates are frequently insoluble
except those with alkali metals and ammonium.
Acid-Base Example: Hydrochloric acid is added to a solution of zinc hydroxide.
*First, write a molecular equation.
HCl + Zn(OH)
ZnCl
+ H
O
2
2
2
*Next, you need to see what dissociates and what does not. Hydrochloric acid is a strong
acid, so it will completely dissociate into its ions while zinc hydroxide is a weak base, so it
will not dissociate. Zinc chloride is a soluble salt according to the solubility rules above, so it
will also dissociate into its ions.
*Wait to balance the reaction until the end.
H
+ Cl
+ Zn(OH)
Zn
+ Cl
+ H
O
+
-
+2
-
2
2
*Last, you need to see what can be cancelled out. Species that are identical on both sides of
the reaction, called spectator ions, can be cancelled out. Cl
is present on both sides of the
-
reaction and therefore can be cancelled out…giving you your net ionic reaction that you’ll
now balance and put back on states of matter.
2 H
(aq) + Zn(OH)
(aq) Zn
(aq) + 2 H
O (l )
+
+2
2
2
Redox Example: Silver metal reacts with a solution of sodium nitrate.
Ag + NaNO
Na + AgNO
3
3
*Ag is a solid. NaNO
is a soluble salt according to the solubility rules above, so it will
3
dissociate into its ions. Na is a solid. AgNO
is also a soluble salt and will dissociate.
3
Ag + Na
+ NO
Na + Ag
+ NO
+
-
+
-
3
3
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