Kingdom, Phylum, Subphylum, Class, Order, Suborder, Family, Genera, Species (Page 2 of 2) in pdf

Phylum Annelida: Segmented bilaterally symmetrical worms. Each segment has its own circulatory, excretory, nervous, muscular, and respiratory systems. Some are

specialized, such as the head. 5400 species. Primary Class: Polychaetes (many bristles). Brightly colored or irridescent with pairs of bristly projections extending from each

segment. Can be herbivores, carnivores, deposit feeders, filter feeders (tube dwellers). Feather Duster worm.

Phylum Arthropoda: Segmented. Body of two or three parts. Three or more pairs of legs. Jointed appendages (pincers, mouthparts, walking legs, and swimming appendages;

and two pairs of sensory antennae). Bilateral symmetry. Exoskeleton. Striated muscles. Head with pair of eyes. Most successful of all animal phyla.

Subphylum Crustacea: Jawlike mandibles (30,000 species). Copepod, barnacles, krill, isopods, amphipods, shrimp, lobsters, crab, euphasiids.

Subphylum Chelicerata: Clawlike feeding appendages. Horseshoe crabs, sea spiders, (trilobites).

Phylum Echinodermata: Sessile or slow-moving benthos. Internal and external parts radiate from center, often as five spokes. Thin skin covers endoskeleton of hard

calcareous plates. Most prickly from skeletal bumps and spines. Use water-vascular system: a network of hydraulic canals branching into extensions called tube feet that are

used to move, feed, and exchange gases. 6000 species. Lack eyes or brain. Sea stars, Brittle stars, basket stars, sea urchins, sand dollars, sea biscuits, sea cucumbers.

Phylum Chordata (45,000 species); Four structures appear at some point during lifetime: notochord, dorsal, hollow nerve chord, gill slits, muscular, postanal tail.

Subphylum Urochordata: Tunicates (sea squirts). Mostly sessile. Filter feeders. Some colonial. Covered by tunic with 2 openings: water in and water out.

Subphylum Vertebrata: Retain primitive chordate traits, with specializations. Larger and more active. Backbone; internal skeleton of calcified bone, cartilage or both.

Superclass Agnatha: Jawless fishes. 50 species. Cartilaginous skeleton. Rasping tongue. Notochord. No paired appendages to swim. Lampreys, hagfishes.

Superclass Gnathostomata: Hinged jaws. Notochord largely or completely replaced by vertebrae in adults. Paired appendages.

Class Chondrichthyes: Cartilaginous fishes. Cartilaginous skeleton and jaws with teeth. Respiration through gills. Internal fertilization (eggs or live birth); acute

senses including lateral line. Paired fins. No swim bladder. Gill slits instead of operculum. Sharks, skates, rays, sawfish, chimeras.

Class Osteichthyes: Bony fishes. Hard, strong, light-weight bony skeletons and jaws. Operculum covers gills. Most have external fertilization and lay large

numbers of eggs. Respiration through gills. Many have swim bladder. Salmon, pike, parrot fish, barracuda, tuna, sturgeon etc.

Class Reptilia: Tetrapods with scaly skin; respiration via lungs; lay amniotic shelled eggs or give live birth. Ectotherms. Special salt glands concentrate and

excrete excess salts from body fluids. Except for one turtle, require warm waters. Sea snakes (50 species). Marine crocodile (1 species): lives in mangrove swamps

and reef islands. Sea turtles: small streamlines hells without space to retract head or limbs. No predators as adults, save humans.

Class Aves: Birds. Tetrapods with feathers. Forelimbs modified as wings. Respiration through lungs. Internal fertilization. Breed on land. Lay eggs on land.

Shelled amniotic eggs. Acute vision. Endotherms. Penguins (No ability to fly. Use wings to swim. Great maneuverability.) Gulls. 115 species. Pelicans. // Albatross,

petrels. Tubenoses. (Beak: sense airspeed, smells, and ducting for removing saline water from glands.)

Class Mammalia: Tetrapods with young nourished from mammary glands of females. Hair. Diaphragm that ventilates lungs. Endothermic. Amniotic sac. Most

give live birth. 4300 marine species (all evolved from land mammals, returning to sea 30-40 Ma).

Order Cetacea: 79 species. Fish-shaped bodies; paddle-like forelimbs and no hind limbs. Thick layer of insulating blubber.

Suborder Odontoceti: Toothed whales; Pilot whales, belugas, killer whales, bottlenose dolphins. Porpoise. Sperm whale. Narwhales.

Suborder Mysticeti: Baleen whales Gray whales. Short baleen. Can sieve bottom seds. // Humpback, fin, sei, blue, Bryde’s, minke. Dorsal fins and grooved

distensible throats expand like balloons. Swallowers. //Black right whale, bowheads. Lack grooved throats and dorsal fins. Largest baleen. Skimmers.//

Order Sirenia: Herbivores. Possess finlike forelimbs and no hind limbs. Manatees, Dugongs.

Order Carnivora: Carnivorous. Possess sharp, pointed canine teeth and molars for shearing. Clawed toes.

Suborder Pinnipedia. Flipper-footed. Can safely come out on land to rest, breed, and give birth. Thick, insulating blubber.

Family Phocidae: True seals; No external ear (hole only). Crawl on land because front flippers are small, and hind flippers cannot rotate forward.

Swimming power from large, almost fan-like rear flippers. Harbor seals, elephant seals.

Family Otariidae: External ear. Rotatable rear flippers: can walk on land. Swimming power from large front flippers. Fur seal, sea lion.

Family Odobenidae: Two long tusks. No external ear. Rotatable rear flippers: can walk on land. Two large air pouches extend from each side of the

pharynx; inflate to hold head above water when sleeping, or used as resonance chambers for underwater sounds. Walrus.

Suborder Fissipedia: Toe-footed carnivores (usually land animals). No blubber – warmth comes from fur.

Family Mustelidae: Smallest marine mammals. Usually do not inhabit the open ocean. Live among coastal kelp beds, where they dive and hunt for

a variety of shellfish and marine invertebrates. Exceptionally thick dark fur; a longer tail; no true flippers. Sea otters.

Family Ursidae: Bear family. Only marine species: Polar bear. Carnivorous. Depends on the ocean for a majority of food. Large head, heavily built

body. Stocky legs terminate in paws, with hairy soles, and five claws. Spend most of the winter asleep in a den living off stored fat reserves.

Kingdom, Phylum, Subphylum, Class, Order, Suborder, Family, Genera, Species Page 2

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