Covalent Bonding And Nomenclature Chemistry Worksheet
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Unit Title: Covalent Bonding and Nomenclature
Text Reference: Pages 189-193
Intermolecular Forces of Attraction
Intramolecular vs. Intermolecular
intramolecular
So far in our discussion of covalent bonding, we have been discussing
forces
. Intramolecular forces are forces within a molecule that hold atoms together, that
intermolecular forces
is, covalent bonds. Today we are going to look at
. Intermolecular
forces are forces between molecules that hold molecules to each other. These
van der Waals forces
intermolecular forces are collectively referred to as
. Van der Waals
forces are much weaker than covalent bonds.
Importance of Intermolecular Forces
The strength of the intermolecular forces can be used to determine whether a covalent
compound exists as a solid, liquid, or gas under standard conditions.
Solids have the strongest intermolecular forces of attraction between their
•
particles.
The intermolecular forces of attraction between the molecules of liquids are not as
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strong as those found between the particles of a solid.
Gases have the weakest intermolecular forces of attraction between their particles.
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The strength of the intermolecular forces of attraction can also be used to compare
boiling and melting points. The more strongly the molecules are attracted to each other,
the higher the boiling and melting points.
Types of Intermolecular Forces
London Dispersion Forces
London dispersion forces exist in all covalent molecules, however; they are the most
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noticeable between nonpolar molecules and the nonbonding atoms of noble gases.
London dispersion forces arise from the motion of valence electrons.
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From the probability distributions of orbitals, it is concluded that the electrons
o
are evenly distributed around the nucleus. However, at any one instant, the
electron cloud may become distorted as the electrons shift to an unequal
distribution.
temporary dipole
It is during this instant that a molecule develops a
. This
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temporary dipole introduces a similar response in neighboring molecules, thus
producing a short-lived attraction between molecules.
In general the larger
the electron cloud, the more likely the molecule is to form
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temporary dipoles.
London forces are the weakest type of intermolecular forces of attraction.
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