Biology Reference Sheet (Page 4 of 8) in pdf

FACTORS AFFECTING BLOOD FLOW

Blood Pressure (BP); is the amount of force blood exerts outwardly on the wall of a

vessel. Arterial blood pressure is directly proportional to the amount of blood found in an

ANIMAL BEHAVIORAL ADAPTATIONS:

Behavior – animal’s response to a stimulus

artery. More blood in an artery = higher pressure; less blood in an artery (blood loss) =

. .

Innate behavior – instinct; influenced by genes

lower pressure. Other factors affecting BP include smoking, alcohol intake, salty diet,

Ex: bird defending its nest

lack of exercise, hypertension or other diseases

Learned behavior – changed by experience

Blood Volume: The amount of blood that is pumped throughout cardiovascular system

Ex: training a pet to respond to a specific name

per minute. It is determined by fluid intake and fluid loss. If blood volume increases

Social behavior – interactions between members of the same species

(fluid intake) BP increases; if blood volume decreases (fluid loss), BP decreases. Too

Ex: mating and caring for offspring

much salt in diet increases blood volume.

Territorial behavior – organisms defend an area to keep out other organisms (ex: animal

Resistance: Difficulty or ease in which blood flows through blood vessels. The

marking trees)

tendency of vascular system to oppose blood flow; inversely proportional to flow. If

Reflex – automatic, neuromuscular action (ex: knee jerk)

Taxis – response to a directional stimulus; organism is motile

resistance increases, flow decreases; if resistance decreases, flow increases. Major

determinant of resistance is the diameter of the arterioles. The diameter or length of

vessels and viscosity (thickness) of the blood directly impact resistance. Diseases that

ADAPTIVE RESPONSES:

cause plaque (fatty deposits) to build up in vessels make them narrower and slow blood

- Mimicry – structural adaptation that allows one species to resemble

flow. Sometimes the plaque build up may lead to blood clots that may block blood flow

another species; may provide protection from predators

to the heart.

- Camouflage – structural adaptation that enables species to blend with their

Exercise - helps to regulate blood flow

surroundings; allows a species to avoid detection

- Migration – instinctive seasonal movements of animals from place to place

- Emigration – movement of individuals from a population; leaving the

population

- Immigration – movement of individuals into a population

- Hibernation – state of reduced metabolism occurring in animals that sleep

during parts of cold winter months; an animal’s temperature drops, oxygen

consumption decreases, and breathing rate declines

- Estivation – state of reduced metabolism that occurs in animals living in

conditions of intense heat

- Mating / Reproduction – production of offspring for the survival of the

species; can be seasonally scheduled

• Interrelationships among Organisms / Populations / Communities / Ecosystems, Techniques of Field Ecology,

Abiotic / Biotic Factors, Carrying Capacity

• Flow of Energy and Cycling of Matter in the Ecosystem, Relationship of Carbon Cycle to Photosynthesis and

Respiration, Trophic Levels, Direction and Efficiency of Energy Transfer

• Human Population and its Impact on Local Ecosystems and Global Environments, Historic and Potential Changes in

Population, Factors associated with Population Change, Climate Change, Resource Use, Sustainable Practices

ENERGY FLOW IN AN ECOSYSTEM

SUN

>>>>>

GRASS

>>>>>

MICE

>>>>>

HAWK

Sunlight is the main energy source for living things. Energy flows through an ecosystem from the sun to organisms within the ecosystem in one

direction. Two main groups of organisms in the ecosystem are the producers and consumers.

Producers – autotrophs, use sun’s energy to make their own food, plants (grass)

Consumers – heterotrophs, cannot make their own food, eat other living things to get their energy (mice- primary consumers; and hawk- secondary

consumer)

STRUCTURE OF AN ECOSYSTEM

Organism >>>>> Species >>>>> Population >>>>> Community >>>>> Ecosystem >>>>> Environment

Species – group of organisms that can interbreed

Population – units of single species

Community – groups of interacting populations

Ecosystem – groups of interacting communities

Habitat – place where an organism lives

Niche – organism’s role within its habitat

EXAMPLES OF INFECTIOUS ORGANISMS:

- Bacteria – microscopic, single celled

Streptococcus pyogenes (strep throat)

GROUPS OF ORGANISMS

Escherichia coli (urinary tract or intestinal infection)

Consumer

Energy Source

Example

- Viruses – cannot reproduce on its own (invades a host cell)

Herbivore

Eat plants

Deer

Varicella zoster (chicken pox)

Carnivore

Eat other animals

Lion

Rhinovirus (common cold)

Omnivore

Eat

plants

and

Human

- Fungi – yeasts, molds, mushrooms

animals

Candida albicans (yeast infection)

Decomposer

Break down dead

Bacteria

Tinea pedis (athlete’s foot)

organisms

Fungi

- Parasites – organism such as a worm or single celled animal (protozoan) that survive by

living inside another organism (host)

Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm)

Plasmodium falciparum (malaria)

Biology Reference Sheet Page 4

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