Biology Reference Sheet (Page 7 of 8) in pdf

FLUCTUATIONS IN CARRYING CAPACITY

TYPES OF ECOSYSTEMS (BIOMES):

AQUATIC: based on flow, depth, temperature, chemistry

TERRESTRIAL: based on geography, rainfall,

temperature

Tropical Rain Forest – significant diversity, warm, moist

Savanna – grassland with isolated trees, warm year-

round, consistent rainfall, borders deserts

Desert – hot, dry, minimal rainfall, middle latitudes

Temperate Grassland – variety of grasses, cold winters,

warm summers, seasonal rainfall, borders savannas

Temperate Forest – deciduous, seasonal growth and

weather patterns

Taiga – coniferous, borders tundra

Tundra – cold, frozen

Marine – oceans, saltwater, large diversity

Freshwater – lakes, streams, lower diversity

SUCCESSION:

- orderly, natural changes, and species replacements that

take place in communities of an ecosystem over time

Primary Succession – colonization of barren land by

pioneer organisms (soil must be developed)

Secondary Succession – sequence of changes that take

place after a community is disrupted by natural disasters or

human actions (soil already present)

IMPACT OF HUMANS ON THE ENVIRONMENT:

caused extinction of species through hunting, fishing,

agriculture, industry, urban development

growing population = greater demands on environment

affected quality and quantity of land, air, water resources

Pollution = pollutants

Air Pollution = smog, acid rain, dust, smoke, gases, fog,

carbon dioxide

Water Pollution = sewers, industry, farms, homes, chemical

waste, fertilizer, dirty dish water

Land Pollution = landfills, dumpsites, runoff, negligence, urban

wastes

CONSERVATION EFFORTS:

conserve energy resources

protect and conserve material resources

control pollution (recapture wastes, carpooling, solid waste

neutralization)

wildlife conservation protect animals from habitat loss, over-

hunting, pollution

reduce, reuse, recycle programs

sanitation and waste disposal programs

CRITICAL ISSUES:

Global Warming, Pesticides, Population Growth

FACTORS THAT AFFECT POPULATION CHANGE:

- natural increase of a population depends on the number of births and deaths

- if births outnumber deaths, there will be an increase in population

- growth rate of a population measured in terms of birth rate (number of births

First Trimester

Second Trimester

Third Trimester

per 1000 people per year) and death rate (number of deaths per 1000 people

per year)

Implantation of embryo

Fetus moves, kicks, swallows

Heartbeat is stronger

Vital organs begin to form

Internal organs mature

Baby grows rapidly

- fertility rates (number of babies), life expectancy, migration / immigration also

i.e. brain & spine-5

wk:

Eyes now open

All organs develop

contribute to population change

heartbeat start

Teeth forming

Mature respiratory system

- study of population is called demography; a census is a measure of the

wk - umbilical cord

~ 8 oz, 8-12 inches

38-42 wks: “full-term” birth

population at a particular time

joins embryo- placenta

~ 6lbs, 18 inches

Sex of fetus at end

Biology Reference Sheet Page 7

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