Biology Reference Sheet (Page 8 of 8) in pdf

INVERTEBRATES

VERTEBRATES

Three types of symmetry

Have a coelom (true body cavity)

No symmetry (disorganized)

Skeletal systems (endoskeleton)

Radial symmetry (around a central point)

Strong, flexible backbone (support)

Bilateral symmetry (equal on both sides)

Bilateral symmetry

Specialized bodily functions

Aquatic or terrestrial environments

No backbone, usually outer covering

Organized systems

(exoskeleton)

Jawless fishes

May be hydrostatic (water-based, aquatic)

Lampreys

Sponges (Porifera)

Cartilaginous fishes

No symmetry

Sharks, cartilage

Cnidarians (Coelenterata)

Bony fishes

Jellyfish, hydrostatic, radial symmetry

Bass, trout

Specialized stinging cells in tentacles

Scales, paired fins, gills, bone

Flatworms (Platyhelminthes)

External fertilization

Leeches, bilateral symmetry

Amphibians

Suckers for removing fluids from host

Salamanders, frogs

Roundworms (Nematoda)

Moist skin and lack scales

Parasites, radial symmetry

Have gills as young, lungs and limbs as adults

Segmented worms

External fertilization

earthworms

Reptiles

decomposers

Snakes, turtles

Mollusks (Mollusca)

Dry, scaly skin

MAJOR PARTS OF THE BRAIN

Clams, oysters (bivalves)

Internal fertilization

Hard outer shell (calcium carbonate)

Terrestrial eggs (leathery shells)

Food source

Developed lungs, strong limbs

SCIENTISTS WHO CONTRIBUTED TO THE THEORY OF EVOLUTION

Arthropods (Arthropoda)

Birds

Crabs, insects (segmented body)

Hawks, eagles, robin

Thomas Robert Malthus (1798)- Malthus has become widely known for his theories about

Pollinators, bilateral symmetry

Feathers, hollow bones, strong muscles

population and its increase or decrease in response to various factors

Echinoderms (Echinodermata)

Efficient heart and lungs for flying

Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1801) - known for classification of invertebrates and inheritance

starfish

Internal fertilization (terrestrial amniotic egg)

radial symmetry

Mammals

of acquired inheritance. First to propose theory of evolution

Humans, monkeys, whales

Charles Lyell (1830) - a geologist whose interpretation of geologic change as the steady

Hair or fur

Male Reproductive

accumulation of minute changes over enormously long spans of time was a powerful

Internal fertilization (internal development)

influence on the young Charles Darwin.

System Structures

Charles Darwin (1842) -

Darwin's general theory presumes the development of life from

1. testes -- produces sperm and

non-life and stresses a purely naturalistic (undirected) "descent with modification". That is,

the hormone testosterone

Female Reproductive

complex creatures evolve from more simplistic ancestors naturally over time. In a nutshell,

2. scrotum -- pouch enclosing

System Structures

as random genetic mutations occur within an organism's genetic code, the beneficial

the testes keeping the sperm at

1. ovary -- (females have two of

mutations are preserved because they aid survival -- a process known as "natural

an optimum temperature for

these) -- produce female gametes

selection." These beneficial mutations are passed on to the next generation. Over time,

development

or eggs and the hormone

beneficial mutations accumulate and the result is an entirely different organism (not just a

3. vas deferens -- tube carrying

estrogen

variation of the original, but an entirely different creature).

sperm away from the testes

2. oviduct (fallopian tube) --

Gregor Mendel (1865) - reported that traits were inherited in a predictable manner through

4. prostate gland -- the largest

carries the egg away from the

the independent assortment and segregation of elements (later known as genes).

of several glands which add

uterus

lubricating and other fluids to the

-- internal fertilization normally

sperm

occurs here

-- this combination of sperm and

3. uterus -- implantation and

fluids is called semen

development of the embryo and

5. urethra -- tube through the

fetus before birth occurs here

penis carrying sperm to the

4. vagina or birth canal -- entry

outside of the body

point for sperm from the male and

6. penis -- adaptation for internal

exit tube for the baby when it is

fertilization of the female

born

TEST TAKING TIPS:

Make flash cards for each term and its definition for an extra study

opportunity.

It is important to understand how many questions you will be answering,

develop a time limit to answer all questions, and how to break down each

question into its critical parts. Second, Read each question carefully,

make note of the key word(s) in each question, and read each answer

choice thoroughly before choosing a final answer. It is good to use the

highlighter tool write down the key word(s) in each question. Highlight or

circle similar key words or ideas in your answer choices in order to select

or eliminate answer choices. This will help keep you focused and alert to

what the question is asking. Once you have answered each question,

Embryonic Development

check your answers against the answer key. For those questions that you

answered incorrectly, re-read those questions and the answer choices and

logically determine why you answered incorrectly and justify the reason for

the correct answer. Don’t get hung up over unfamiliar words. Later,

without the time constraints, follow this process with each question. This

will help you in the future when you are confronted with questions of

Biology Reference Sheet Page 8

Related Articles

Related forms

Related Categories