Apa Guidelines Documentation Page 13
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13APA Style
Abbreviations
Acronyms and abbreviations must be spelled out completely on initial appearance in text.
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Use only if abbreviation is conventional, is apt to be familiar, will save considerable space, and will prevent
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cumbersome repetition.
Avoid beginning a sentence with an acronym or an abbreviation.
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Capitalization
Capitalize all words of four letters or more in titles of books and articles in text.
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Do not capitalize names of laws, theories, and hypotheses except for proper nouns.
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Hyphenation
For compound words not in the dictionary, use hyphens for clarity rather than omit them.
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Hyphenate compound adjectives that precede the noun they modify:
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role-playing technique
two-way analysis
middle-class families
Do not hyphenate a compound adjective if its meaning is established or it cannot be misread:
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grade point average
gender role difference
Numbers
Use figures for numbers 10 and above (12 of the subjects); for numbers above and below 10 grouped for
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comparison (2 of 16 responses); for numbers representing time, dates, and age (3 years ago, 2 hr 15 min); for
numbers denoting a specific place in a series, book, or table (Table 3, Group 3, page 32).
Use words for numbers below 10 that do not represent precise measurements (eight items, nine pages); for
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numbers beginning a sentence, title, or heading (Forty-eight percent responded; Ten subjects improved, and 4
subjects did not.).
Quotations
Incorporate quotations of less than 40 words in the text with double quotation marks.
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Place quotations of 40 or more words in a double-spaced block, indented five spaces from left margin. Do not
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use quotation marks with a blocked quotation.
If quoting more than one paragraph, indent the first line of each paragraph five additional spaces from the left
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margin (for a total of ten spaces).
A page number always immediately follows a quotation, even when the author and date precede it: Lu (1990)
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found that "several hypotheses were partially supported" (page 48)
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