Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Nucleophilic Acyl Substitution Page 2

Acyl chlorides are converted to acid anhydrides, esters, and amides by nucleophilic acyl substitution.

Section 20.4

Examples of each of these reactions may be found in Table 20.1.

Acid anhydrides are less reactive toward nucleophilic acyl substitution than acyl chlorides, but are useful

Section 20.5

reagents for preparing esters and amides.

Table 20.2 presents examples of these reactions.

Esters occur naturally or are prepared from alcohols by Fischer esterification or by acylation with acyl

Section 20.6

chlorides or acid anhydrides (see Table 20.3).

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