Mcat Chemistry Equation Sheet Page 3
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R
E
:
ELECTROCHEMISTRY
EACTION
NTHALPIES
∑
∑
∆
=
∆
−
∆
o
o
o
H
coeff
H
coeff
H
reaction
p
f
r
f
Oxidation – loss of electrons from a substance and an increase in oxidation
Free Energy (G):
state
A state function whose change for the system predicts spontaneity and is
defined by, Free energy
Reduction – gain of electrons by a substance and a decrease in oxidation
−
G = H
TS
state
C
F
E
:
HANGE IN
REE
NERGY
Reducing agent – a species that loses electrons and is oxidized
∆G
= ∆H
− T∆S
sys
sys
sys
∆G
is negative for all spontaneous processes under conditions of constant
Oxidizing agent – a species that gains electrons and is reduced
sys
temperature and pressure.
Anode – electrode where oxidation occurs, half-reaction with the more
o
∆
S
M
F
E
F
:
G
TANDARD
OLAR
REE
NERGY OF
ORMATION
f
negative reduction potential occurs at the anode
The change of free energy when one mole of that substance is formed from
Cathode – electrode where reduction occurs, half-reaction with the more
elements in their standard
∑
∑
positive reduction potential occurs at the cathode
∆
=
∆
−
∆
o
o
o
G
coeff
G
coeff
G
states,
reaction
p
f
r
f
Cell potential:
E
C
N
-S
C
:
NTROPY
HANGE
ON
TANDARD
ONDITIONS
= E
− E
o
o
o
Concentrations can be expressed in terms of the standard entropy change and
E
cell
cathode
anode
Q:
∆
=
∆
−
o
S
S
R
ln
Q
,
o
E
:
Gibbs free energy and
reaction
reaction
cell
∆G = −nFE
∆
=
∆
−
o
o
G
G
R
Tln
Q
cell
reaction
reaction
E
and K
:
Relationship between
I
T
S
:
NFLUENCE OF
EMPERATURE ON
PONTANEITY
cell
eq
RT
°
=
∆
=
∆
−
∆
E
ln
K
o
o
o
G
H
T
S
cell
eq
nF
T
∆H
∆G˚high
∆H˚ low
Spontaneit
∆S˚
E
as a function of concentrations
˚
T
T
y
cell
−
−
−
RT
+
All T
=
°
−
E
E
ln
Q
−
+
+
+
No T
cell
cell
nF
−
+
+
+
High T
−
−
−
+
Low T
Electrolytic cell – uses electricity to produce an non-spontaneous reaction
Phase Diagram for Water
−
⎛
⎞
C
1
mol
e
−
=
×
×
⎜
⎟
number
of
mol
e
current
time(s)
⎝
⎠
s
96,485C
For water
Negative slope for
solid-liquid boundary
liquid
Supercritical fluid
melting
(high density & low
crystallization
viscosity)
Critical point
soli
d
1 atm
vaporization
condensation
Triple point
sublimation
deposition
ga
T
T
Temperature
b
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