Common Core Standard For English Language Arts Page 17

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Common Core State StandardS for engliSh language artS & literaCy in hiStory/SoCial StudieS, SCienCe, and teChniCal SubjeCtS
reading Foundational skills
The following supplements the Reading Standards: Foundational Skills (K–5) in the main document (pp. 15–17). See
page 37 in the bibliography of this appendix for sources used in helping construct the foundational skills and the
material below.
Phoneme-Grapheme correspondences
Consonants
Common graphemes (spellings) are listed in the following table for each of the consonant sounds. Note that the term
grapheme refers to a letter or letter combination that corresponds to one speech sound.
Figure 8: Consonant Phoneme-Grapheme Correspondences in English
Common Graphemes (Spellings)
Phoneme
Word Examples
for the Phoneme
*
/p/
pit, spider, stop
p
/b/
bit, brat, bubble
b
/m/
mitt, comb, hymn
m, mb, mn
/t/
tickle, mitt, sipped
t, tt, ed
/d/
die, loved
d, ed
/n/
nice, knight, gnat
n, kn, gn
/k/
cup, kite, duck, chorus, folk, quiet
k, c, ck, ch, lk, q
/g/
girl, Pittsburgh
g, gh
/ng/
sing, bank
ng, n
/f/
fluff, sphere, tough, calf
f, ff, gh, ph, lf
/v/
van, dove
v, ve
/s/
sit, pass, science, psychic
s, ss, sc, ps
/z/
zoo, jazz, nose, as, xylophone
z, zz, se, s, x
/th/
thin, breath, ether
th
/th/
this, breathe, either
th
/sh/
shoe, mission, sure, charade, precious, notion, mission,
sh, ss, s, ch, sc, ti, si, ci
special
/zh/
measure, azure
s, z
/ch/
cheap, future, etch
ch, tch
/j/
judge, wage
j, dge, ge
/l/
lamb, call, single
l, ll, le
/r/
reach, wrap, her, fur, stir
r, wr, er/ur/ir
/y/
you, use, feud, onion
y, (u, eu), i
/w/
witch, queen
w, (q)u
/wh/
where
wh
/h/
house, whole
h, wh
*Graphemes in the word list are among the most common spellings, but the list does not include all possible graph-
emes for a given consonant. Most graphemes are more than one letter.

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