Survey Methodology #2003-17 - The American Community Survey (Acs) En Espanol: Using Cognitive Interviews To Test The Functional Equivalency Of Questionnaire Translations - U.s. Bureau Of The Census Page 9
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52bilingual settings affect data quality. The theoretical models discussed below influenced this
research in some fashion or another. Although it does not seem entirely appropriate to discuss
the findings within the context of each of these models, it seems appropriate to cite them since
they provide examples of research conducted to assess questionnaire design, the accuracy of
responses, and the psychology of survey response in a monolingual environment.
Four important assumptions from monolingual research have influenced the character of this
research. First, response error is one of the most common sources of survey error (Groves 1991).
In the field of survey methodology, there are theories about various aspects of questionnaire
design such as question wording and response categories that may contribute to response error.
Experts in this field have identified the respondent as a potential source of response error, for
example if there are cognitive discrepancies between how the respondent interprets a question
and the actual intent of the question (Tourangeau, Rips & Rasinski 2000). The research
presented herein is mainly concerned with identifying existing linguistic or questionnaire design
elements that may contribute to response error in the target language.
The second assumption is based on language processing skills that assume respondents must
have both knowledge about words and knowledge about the world in order to understand a
question (Norman & Rumelhart 1975). In a bilingual setting, respondents may fall victim to one
or more types of linguistic interference (e.g., cultural, semantic, lexical, or phonological
interference). Specifically, respondents whose native language is not the same as the source
language may encounter difficulty accessing and conceptualizing information of the source
culture they may have not yet encoded, and may have difficulty responding to questions that ask
about concepts or experiences that may be foreign to them. To complicate matters, the target
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