Basic Impact Assessment At Project Level Page 12
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364.3
Types of impact
An almost infinite array of variables can be identified to assess impacts on different units.
To be of use these must be able to be defined with precision and must be measurable.
Conventionally, economic indicators have dominated, with assessors particularly keen to
measure changes in income despite the enormous problems this presents. Other popular
variables have been levels and patterns of expenditure, consumption and assets. A strong
case can be made that assets are a particularly useful indicator of impact because their
level does not fluctuate as greatly as other economic indicators and is not simply based on
an annual estimate.
The social indicators that became popular in the early 1980s (e.g. educational status,
access to health services, nutritional levels, anthropometric measures and contraceptive
use) have recently been extended into the socio-political arena in an attempt to assess
whether project interventions can promote empowerment.
This has led to the
measurement of individual control over resources, involvement in household and
community decision-making, levels of participation in community activities and social
networks and electoral participation. The bulk of this work has focused on changes in
gender relations, but there are sometimes partially-formulated assessments of class
relations within it. These extensions do add, however, to the complexity of IA work and
require the skills of assessors who are experienced at making judgements on social
relations.
In addition, impact assessors should seek to keep the number of variables they measure
to a manageable number and not be tempted to go for a comprehensive approach that will
impact adversely on data quality and study relevance.
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