Doe/netl-2012/1540 Mobility And Conformance Control For Carbon Dioxide Enhanced Oil Recovery (Co2-Eor) Via Thickeners, Foams, And Gels - U.s. Department Of Energy Page 102
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267 In 2008, researchers from the University of Texas at Austin and Dow Oil & Gas used a
proprietary, slightly CO
-soluble, water-soluble, nonionic surfactant dissolved at a concentration
2
of 0.1wt% in CO
at ambient temperature in a mixing vessel at 1,800 psi (~12.4 MPa)—Figure
2
9.9 [Sanders, Jones, et al., 2010]—to recover oil from a core with an effluent back-pressure
regulator set at 1,500 psi (~10 MPa) [Le et al., 2008]. The investigators assessed various modes
of surfactant injection including WAGS (water-alternating-gas with surfactant dissolved in the
CO
), SAG (surfactant-alternated-CO
with surfactant dissolved in the water) and continuous
2
2
CO
-dissolved-surfactant injection (no alternate injection of water used) and found that the
2
injection of the CO
-surfactant solution into the waterflooded core without the use of alternating
2
water slugs yielded higher oil recovery than the other injection modes.
o
Figure 9.9. Solubility of a typical Dow CO
soluble surfactant in CO
at 60
C [Sanders, Jones,
2
2
et al., 2010]
Researchers at the University of Pittsburgh and NETL are also actively attempting to identify
commercially available, CO
soluble, water soluble, nonionic surfactants that are capable of
2
dissolving in CO
at conditions commensurate with CO
EOR at a concentration great enough to
2
2
stabilize a foam. Foams were then generated in a windowed vessel by mixing CO
, brine, and an
2
amount of surfactant corresponding to that which could dissolve in the CO
at test conditions.
2
Foams were also generated in situ in a mobility apparatus in which a high-pressure CO
2
surfactant solution was injected into a brine saturated core. Some of the surfactants selected for
this study are illustrated in Figure 9.10. There are two general classes of surfactants considered
in this study: those with a phenol group (benzene ring) in the middle of the surfactant and those
without the phenol group. In the foam stability tests, the alkylphenol ethoxylates were capable
of stabilizing the CO
-in-5% NaCl brine emulsions more effectively than the surfactants lacking
2
the aromatic ring, but the surfactants without the aromatic group may be advantageous in that
71
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