Doe/netl-2012/1540 Mobility And Conformance Control For Carbon Dioxide Enhanced Oil Recovery (Co2-Eor) Via Thickeners, Foams, And Gels - U.s. Department Of Energy Page 168

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13.
Carbon Dioxide Field Tests Using Foam, Gel, Foam Gel, and Pre-
formed Particle Gel
In this section, a review of mobility and/or conformance control foams in gas-injection field tests
is provided based on prior reviews [Smith, 1988b; Turta and Singhal, 1998; Hanssen, Holt, and
Surgechev, 1994] and descriptions of individual pilots found in the literature.
SAG Field Tests with Air as the Gas
Siggins Field Air Injectivity Tests [Smith, 1988b].
A surfactant solution-alternating-air SAG process was tested at the Siggins Field in an attempt to
determine the effects of foam on injectivity of the fluids and the water injection profile. The
injector well was surrounded by six producers. The surfactant solution was based on an alkyl
sulfate with small amounts of amide stabilizers at concentrations of 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5wt% in
water, and the gas was air. The air–aqueous volumetric ratio at reservoir conditions was 9:1,
yielding a 90% quality foam with overall surfactant volumetric concentrations of 0.05, 0.1, and
0.15%. An alternating SAG injection scheme and a pre-formed foam generated in a packed bed
of ceramic particles were compared. Three cycles of the sequential injection of air and surfactant
solution reduced the injectivity of all fluids by ~20%. The subsequent injection of 0.2 PV foam
further reduced water injectivity to 35% of its original value (a 65% reduction) while reducing
air mobility by 50%.
ZhongYuan Oilfield Company’s ZhongYuan Oilfield; Henan Province, China; Air Foam-
Alternating-Air Injection (AFAAI); Conformance Control and Mobility Control [Yu et al.,
2008].
The Hu-12 block in the ZhongYuan Oilfield is highly heterogeneous, containing both low
permeability oil-rich layers and higher permeability mixed water/oil zones. The permeability
values of these sandstones range from 100 to 1,000 mD, with an average porosity of 21%. The
o
reservoir temperature is 90
C and at this temperature the oil viscosity is 4 cP. The reservoir
pressure has fallen from its original value of 25 MPa to its current value of about 20 MPa. The
formation brine contains a high concentration of dissolved solids (200,000 ppm). The average
net thickness of the formation is 16 m. After two decades of waterflooding, the oil recovery was
only 21% and the water cut had risen to 95%. It was suspected that most of the injected water
was bypassing the lower perm oil-rich zones and entering the high permeability, watered-out
zones.
Nitrogen injection was attempted in 2005, but nitrogen breakthrough occurred in only three days.
Soon thereafter, air and air foam injection was considered as a viable IOR technique for both
conformance control (blocking the higher perm layers) and mobility control (increasing the
sweep efficiency of the displacing fluids).
In May 2007, a field pilot test of the air foam-alternating-air injection (AFAAI) process was
initiated in the Middle SaSan 8 unit, consisting of one injector—former water-injector Hu-12-
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