Doe/netl-2012/1540 Mobility And Conformance Control For Carbon Dioxide Enhanced Oil Recovery (Co2-Eor) Via Thickeners, Foams, And Gels - U.s. Department Of Energy Page 83

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Figure 6.3. Lamella formation via lamella division at the pore network scale [Chen, Yortsos,
and Rossen, 2004]
Finally, lamellae can form via the snap-off mechanism.
Several types of snap-off have been
‘Pre-neck’ snap-off has only been observed when a
identified [Chambers and Radke, 1990].
surfactant solution was injected into a micromodel after a foam flood. In this case, the liquid
pressure gradient drives the accumulation of the liquid slightly upstream of the throat to pinch-
off a smaller bubble from the initial bubble that was blocking the pore throat. A similar event is
snap-off. Lamellae are formed by snap-off, as shown in Figure 6.4, when the local capillary
pressure falls to about half of the capillary entry pressure for the throat. There are seven
mechanisms that may cause such a reduction in capillary pressure [Chen et al., 2004].
Figure 6.4. Lamella formation via snap-off in a pore throat [Chen, Yortsos, and Rossen, 2004]
In a similar process, when gas invades a large liquid-filled pore through a narrow pore throat, the
liquid can drain from the walls of the pore body back into the pore throat region, forming a
lamella via roof snap-off, as shown in Figure 6.5.
Figure 6.5. Lamella formation via snap-off and roof snap-off mechanisms [Chen, Yortsos,
Rossen, 2004]
When snap-off occurs in long, straight pores, it is referred to as ‘rectilinear snap-off’ [Chambers
and Radke, 1990].
52

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