Doe/netl-2012/1540 Mobility And Conformance Control For Carbon Dioxide Enhanced Oil Recovery (Co2-Eor) Via Thickeners, Foams, And Gels - U.s. Department Of Energy Page 99

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Chan et al., 2010]. In each case, the hydrophile was an ethoxylate group, designated as EO
or
n
EO
where n or m represented the number of repeat units in the PEG chain. Some surfactants
m
contained a propylene oxide segment, designated as PO
, between the hydrocarbon-based tail
n
and the hydrophilic EO
head group. PO
is more CO
-philic and less hydrophilic than the EO
n
n
2
n
hydrophile. Specific surfactant examples, shown in Figure 9.6, include EO
-PO
-EO
triblock
n
n
n
copolymer, lauric acid-EO
, 1-hexanol-PO
-EO
, 1-octanol-PO
-EO
, 2-octanol-PO
-EO
, 2-
12
n
m
n
m
n
m
ethylhexanol-PO
-EO
,
2-ethylhexanol-(EO
PO
)
-EO,
dodecyl/tetradecyl secondary-
n
m
7
5.5
random
EO
,
TMN6
trimethylnonanol-EO
,
1-nonanol-PO
-EO
,
C
EO
Brij
surfactants,
n
8
3.5
8
12-14
7
H
C(CH
)
PO
EO
, and dioctylglycerine-EO
.
3
2
x-1
n
m
n
Figure 9.6. The structure of nonionic surfactants employed by Johnston and co-workers at the
University of Texas at Austin [Adkins, Chen, Chan et al., 2010]
o
The pressure was maintained at 13.8 MPa (2,000 psia) and temperatures of 24, 40, 60 and 70
C
were considered. The synthetic brine was composed of 2% NaCl, 1% CaCl
, and 0.5% MgCl
by
2
2
weight. The volumetric ratio of the injected phases was 90% CO
:10% surfactant solution
.
2
Because the concentration of the surfactant was 1wt% of the aqueous phase, the concentration of
68

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