Doe/netl-2012/1540 Mobility And Conformance Control For Carbon Dioxide Enhanced Oil Recovery (Co2-Eor) Via Thickeners, Foams, And Gels - U.s. Department Of Energy Page 115
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267 0.5 wt.%. Therefore, in this single example, a 40-fold reduction in mobility was realized for an
80% quality CO
foam.
2
Figure 10.7. Effect of surfactant concentration on foam mobility (dashed line represents
surfactant concentrations so low that a foam is not formed) for ~80% quality foams flowing at
superficial velocities of 3-10 ft./day [Lee and Heller, 1990; Heller, 1994].
One of the most common characteristic measurements associated with surfactant solutions is the
critical micelle concentration (CMC), the lowest concentration at which dissolved surfactant
molecules aggregate into micelles. Interestingly, it has been found that CO
foams can be
2
generated at concentrations below the CMC, although these foams would be relatively weak.
Kuhlman and co-workers suggested that when a surfactant with a relatively high CMC is used at
concentrations below the CMC, adsorption will be very low, dilute concentrations will propagate
through the porous media, and a weak foam for in-depth, reservoir-wide mobility control can
form. Alternately, a surfactant with a low CMC used at a concentration well above the CMC will
form a strong foam that is more appropriate for near-wellbore conformance control. In this case
mobility reduction can be very significant, recoverable oil may be lost to emulsification (rather
than being displaced in an oil-rich phase), and the portion of the surfactant above its CMC will
propagate slowly unless very high concentrations of surfactant are used [Kuhlman, et al., 1992].
The following result (shown in Figure 10.8) also indicates that foam mobility increases with
surfactant concentration in the 0.1 – 0.25 wt.% concentration range. The CMC of this solution is
0.11wt%; therefore, all of the data in this figure correspond to concentrations at or above the
CMC. Insignificant mobility increases are realized at concentrations greater than ~0.3wt%.
84
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