Doe/netl-2012/1540 Mobility And Conformance Control For Carbon Dioxide Enhanced Oil Recovery (Co2-Eor) Via Thickeners, Foams, And Gels - U.s. Department Of Energy Page 164
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267 Johnston and co-workers successfully generated CO
-in-water foams in porous media composed
2
of 180 micron glass beads packed in an HIP column using fumed silica as the stabilizer
[Espinosa et al., 2010]. The idea of generating CO
-in-brine foams in situ by co-injecting or
2
alternately injecting an aqueous dispersion of nano-silica into a porous medium followed by the
injection of CO
was intended to provide an alternative to surfactant-based CO
foams for
2
2
mobility and/or conformance control. Advantages of this technology include the long-term
stability of silica relative to surfactants, the ease of introducing a stabilizer that does not have to
dissolve and remain dissolved in a fluid phase, an energy barrier to the desorption of the nano-
particles from the CO
-water interface, and the absence of adsorption losses that are analogous to
2
those that occur with ionic surfactants.
In their study, Johnston and coworkers tested a
hydrophilic nano-silica with a covalently bound coating of PEG oligomers, and a “salt tolerant”,
proprietary nano-silica from 3M that was conjectured to have a more substantial PEG coating.
The results of this study are summarized in the following three photos in Figure 12.3 and
described graphically in Figures 12.4 through 12.8.
Figure 12.3. Various size CO
droplet sizes in nano-silica stabilized foams. The red bar is 0.5 cm,
2
or 500 microns, long [Espinosa et al., 2010].
There appears to be a limiting concentration of the nanoparticles in brine (~ 0.04%) below which
it is not possible to generate low-quality foam, and this concentration appears to increase to
~0.1wt% as the foam quality increases. There also appears to be an upper limit to the phase
volume ratio between values of 20–30 (which corresponds to foam quality values of 95%–97%)
above which a foam cannot be stabilized.
133
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