Doe/netl-2012/1540 Mobility And Conformance Control For Carbon Dioxide Enhanced Oil Recovery (Co2-Eor) Via Thickeners, Foams, And Gels - U.s. Department Of Energy Page 131

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X2001, used in the generation of 80% quality foams. At surfactant concentrations of 500 ppm
and Darcy velocities of 0.4 ft./day, CD 1045 and Enordet X2001 were more effective in reducing
mobility in higher perm cores, but CD 1040 and CD 1050 generated more effective foams in
lower perm cores. At surfactant concentrations of 500 ppm and a Darcy velocity of 0.4 ft. /day,
only Enordet X2001 exhibited the desired selective mobility reduction with increasing
permeability, while CD 1045 and CD 1050 showed modest increases in mobility with increasing
permeability, and CD 1040 exhibited markedly lower mobility values in the lower permeability
cores. At 2,500 ppm and 0.04 ft. /day, Enordet X2201 and CD 1050 exhibited mobility values
that remained relatively constant as permeability increased, while CD 1040 and CD 1045
exhibited undesirable mobility reduction trends of increased mobility at higher permeability
values. At 2,500 ppm and 8.5 ft./day, all four surfactants exhibited mildly unfavorable selective
mobility reduction [Yahoogbi and Heller, 1996].
Consider the performance of Sulfotex PAI, an ammonium alkyl ether sulfate (Figure 10.29), in
generating foams in 3,000 mD sandstone cores, 58 mD Bati Raman limestone cores, and a 1,500
mD Bati Raman fractured core (mD prior to fracturing) [Alkan et al., 1991]. Mobility reduction
was greatest in the high permeability sandstone cores, with a smaller mobility reduction
occurring in the lower perm Bati Raman cores. The levels of mobility reduction—a factor of
~6–8 for the sandstone and 3–4 for the bati Raman cores—were lower than observed in many
other reports. The foams were ineffective in reducing the CO
mobility in the fractured cores; an
2
important observation when considering the applicability of CO
-in-brine foams as mobility-
2
reducing or conformance control agents.
Figure 10.30. Mobility reduction of foams generated with 0.5wt% PAI in brine in 3000 mD
sandstone, 58 mD Bati Raman cores, and 1500 mD fractured Bati Raman cores [Alkan et al.,
1991]
There are several types of flow paths that are not suitable for mobility reduction using foams
because they lack the architecture required for the generation of lamellae. These include fractures
and vugs.
100

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