Doe/netl-2012/1540 Mobility And Conformance Control For Carbon Dioxide Enhanced Oil Recovery (Co2-Eor) Via Thickeners, Foams, And Gels - U.s. Department Of Energy Page 6

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Carbon dioxide (CO
) has been used commercially to recover oil from geologic formations by
2
enhanced oil recovery (EOR) technologies for over 40 years. The U.S. Department of Energy
Office of Fossil Energy and its predecessor organizations have supported a large number of
laboratory and field projects over the past decades in an effort to improve the oil recovery
process including investments to advanced reservoir characterization, mobility control, and
conformance of CO
flooding.
2
Currently, CO
EOR provides about 280,000 barrels of oil per day, just over 5 percent of the
2
total U.S. crude oil production. Recently CO
flooding has become so technically and
2
economically attractive that CO
supply, rather than CO
price, has been the constraining
2
2
developmental factor. Carbon dioxide EOR is likely to expand in the United States in upcoming
years due to “high” crude oil prices, natural CO
source availability, and possible large
2
anthropogenic CO
sources through carbon capture and storage (CCS) technology advances.
2
A national resource assessment for CO
EOR (NETL 2011) indicated:
2
 “Next Generation” CO
EOR can provide 137 billion barrels of additional technically
2
recoverable domestic oil, with about half (67 billion barrels) economically recoverable at
an oil price of $85 per barrel.
 This volume of economically recoverable oil is sufficient to support nearly 4 million
barrels per day of domestic oil production (1.35 billion barrels per year for 50 years),
reducing oil imports by one-third.
 Federal/state treasuries would be a large beneficiary, receiving $21.20 of the $85 per
barrel oil price in the form of royalties on Federal /state lands plus severance, ad valorem
and corporate income taxes. Total revenues to Federal/state treasuries would equal
$1,420 billion.
 The general U.S. economy would be the largest beneficiary, receiving $25.80 of the $85
per barrel of oil price, in the form of wages and material purchases. Total revenues would
equal $1,730 billion.
 Nearly 20 billion metric tons of CO
would need to be purchased by CO
EOR operators
2
2
to recover the 67 billion barrels of economically recoverable oil. Of this, at least 18
billion metric tons would need to be provided by anthropogenic CO
captured from coal-
2
fired power plants and other industrial sources.
“Next Generation” technologies include increasing CO
injection volumes by 50% or more,
2
drilling horizontal wells for injection or production, improving mobility ratio and flood
conformance, extending the conditions under which miscibility between the oil and CO
can be
2
achieved, and applying advanced methods for monitoring flood performance.
Despite its well-established ability to recover oil, the CO
EOR process could be improved if the
2
high mobility of CO
relative to reservoir oil and water can be effectively and affordably
2
reduced. The CO
EOR industry continues to use water-alternating-with-gas (WAG) as the
2
technology of choice to control CO
mobility and/or mechanical techniques (e.g., cement,
2
ii

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