Doe/netl-2012/1540 Mobility And Conformance Control For Carbon Dioxide Enhanced Oil Recovery (Co2-Eor) Via Thickeners, Foams, And Gels - U.s. Department Of Energy Page 61
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267 Figure 4.10. Various highly branched hydroxyaluminum disoaps, all are CO
-insoluble.
2
Fluorinated and semi-fluorinated versions (not shown) are also CO
insoluble.
2
Metallic stearates
Attempts to thicken CO
by heating a mixture of CO
and metallic stearate powders were also
2
2
unsuccessful. When this mixture is heated in hydrocarbon oils, the attractive forces between
these compounds are weakened, enabling the compound to dissolve in the oil and form viscosity-
enhancing metallic stearates as the solution cools. Even at high temperature and pressure
conditions, however, the metallic stearates could not dissolve in CO
[Lewis, 1990].
2
Semi-fluorinated alkanes
Attempts to thicken CO
with semi-fluorinated alkanes were also made [Iezzi, Bendale et al.,
2
1989]. These linear diblock compounds—F(CF
)
(CH
)
H, which can be considered as two
2
n
2
m
immiscible segments forced to join one another through a covalent C-C bond—can gel organic
liquids if they are heated in the solvent, allowed to dissolve, and then permitted to cool. As the
solution cools, the semi-fluorinated compounds form high porosity, interdigitated, micro-fibrillar
networks that can gel bulk fluids. The fibers form as the fluorinated segments stack with
neighboring fluorinated segments, as do the hydrocarbon segments. These semi-fluorinated
30
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