Doe/netl-2012/1540 Mobility And Conformance Control For Carbon Dioxide Enhanced Oil Recovery (Co2-Eor) Via Thickeners, Foams, And Gels - U.s. Department Of Energy Page 106

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Figure 9.13. The stability of emulsions formed when equal volumes of brine and liquid CO
are
2
o
mixed at 25
C and 1,300 psig along with a Huntsman Surfonic N surfactant. The amount of
surfactant corresponds roughly to the amount of surfactant that can be dissolved in the CO
at
2
these conditions. [Xing et al., 2010].
In summary, there has been a great deal of recent interest in the design or identification of CO
-
2
soluble surfactants capable of dissolving in CO
at typical reservoir conditions. In general, these
2
surfactants are hydrocarbon-based, single-tailed or twin-tailed ethoxylates that are slightly CO
2
soluble (~0.01–0.5wt%) and water-soluble. Branching of the alkyl tails appears to provide
improved performance. The tails may also contain CO
-philic oxygenated functionalities such as
2
ethers, carbonyls, and/or acetates. Some surfactants have either a small PPG segment or an
aromatic ring between the PEG hydrophile and the alkyl CO
-phile. If the concentration of the
2
surfactant is great enough at reservoir conditions, and if the surfactant is found to stabilize CO
-
2
in-brine emulsions, the surfactant may be a useful mobility or conformance control additive to
the CO
being injected into a sandstone or limestone formation. Such a technology could reduce
2
or eliminate the need for alternate injections of brine because the CO
-rich surfactant solution
2
could generate foams in situ as it mixes with the reservoir brine. It would also be possible to
design mobility or conformance control strategies in which surfactant could be introduced to
both the CO
and the brine slugs.
2
75

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