Doe/netl-2012/1540 Mobility And Conformance Control For Carbon Dioxide Enhanced Oil Recovery (Co2-Eor) Via Thickeners, Foams, And Gels - U.s. Department Of Energy Page 142

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Efforts have also been made with dual perm experiments using waterfloods, CO
floods, and
2
CO
foam floods to determine the optimal injection strategies to recover the most oil. Consider
2
the various injection sequences assessed with a dual, parallel core system meant to simulate a
layered formation with a high permeability flow path (154 mD) and a low permeability flow path
(24 mD)
Casteel and Djabbarah, 1988]. In Figure 11.9 only CO
is injected into the previously
[
2
waterflooded cores and oil is recovered only from the high perm core. Only 0.06 PV of CO
2
entered the low perm core, while 2.29 PV of CO
entered the high perm core. CO
breakthrough
2
2
from the high perm core occurs after about 0.3 PV and the oil left behind by the waterflood is
completely recovered from the high perm core at ~2.4 PV. This represents 39.7% of the oil in
both cores.
Figure 11.9. Oil recovery from two parallel cores that have been previously waterflooded; CO
2
injection into both cores, oil recovery only from the high permeability core [Casteel and
Djabbarah, 1988]
Subsequently, WAG tests were conducted and the total oil recovery from the system ranged
between 45% and 48% due to an increase in the percentage of oil recovered from the low perm
core. Nonetheless, in the best case only 9% of the oil in the lower permeability core was
recovered.
It was anticipated that a CO
foam could be more effective at recovering oil from the lower perm
2
core; therefore, several surfactant solutions injection strategies were explored. In the first
sequence, a 0.23 PV surfactant slug (based on the PV of both cores) of a 1% Witcolate 1247-H
solution was injected into the water flooded cores prior to the CO
flood. The results, shown in
2
Figure 11.10, illustrate that most of the surfactant solution entered the high permeability core,
where it subsequently generated a fairly strong foam. Only 1.45 PV of CO
entered the high
2
perm core and the oil recovery was only about 40%. A significant amount of the CO
was
2
diverted to the lower perm core, where 99% of the oil was ultimately recovered after 10.24 PV of
CO
were injected. Seventy-eight percent of the post-waterflood in the entire system was
2
recovered in these tests, which were reproduced with a different surfactant and with a four slug
sequence of surfactant-CO
-surfactant-CO
.
2
2
111

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