Doe/netl-2012/1540 Mobility And Conformance Control For Carbon Dioxide Enhanced Oil Recovery (Co2-Eor) Via Thickeners, Foams, And Gels - U.s. Department Of Energy Page 11

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 During Mobil’s Slaughter Field, East Mallet Unit, Well 31 test in 1991, injection profile
logs indicated that fluids were completely diverted from the thief zone and oil production
in the entire pattern increased by about 26%, or 19 BOPD.
The decline of interest in CO
foams may also have been due in part to the emergence of other
2
conformance control techniques, including monomer solutions that polymerize and crosslink
(gel) in situ, polymer solutions that crosslink in situ, foams that gel in situ, and pre-formed
particle gel dispersions. Marked reductions in mobility have frequently been reported for these
gel technologies, especially in extremely high permeability flow paths where foams are generally
ineffective. These gel methods appear to be more effective and robust than CO
foams, as
2
demonstrated in a series of generally successful field tests conducted beginning in the late 1970s
and continuing until the present day:
 At Amoco’s Wertz field ten wells were treated with gels that extended the economic life
of the field by two years, enabling the production of 35,000 to 140,000 barrels of oil per
pattern.
 Eighty percent of the 49 wells treated with gels at Rangely-Weber Sand Unit between
1994 and 1997 were considered successes. The $2,060,500 investment yielded 685,000
incremental barrels of oil, which resulted in a 365% rate of return and an 8-month
payout period.
 Due to severe channeling of both water and solvent through a thief zone, a lignosulfonate
gel conformance control project was implemented in nine injection wells at Amoco’s
South Swan Hills Miscible Unit located in Alberta, Canada. Thirteen producers had a
significant increase in incremental oil, and the total incremental oil production from this
project was estimated to be 3,300,000 barrels.
 Two problem injection wells at the Lick Creek field were treated with a low viscosity,
aqueous monomer solution that contained an organic crosslinker Incremental oil
production attributable to these treatments was 65 BOPD, totaling 25,000 bbl. by
November 1985.
CO
EOR Game Changer Candidate #3: In-Depth Mobility Control CO
Foams
2
2
Research results have demonstrated that surfactant-induced CO
foams are an effective method
2
for mobility control in CO
foam flooding, but have potential weaknesses. Because the foam is by
2
nature ultimately unstable, its long-term stability during a field application is difficult to
maintain. Nonetheless, one can make a convincing argument that the potential of CO
mobility
2
control foams has not been fully explored in pilot tests, especially given the immense body of
promising lab-scale technical knowledge that has been reported. Carbon dioxide-soluble
surfactants, which are currently being tested in the field at SACROC, ensure that the surfactant
appears (and the foam forms) only where the CO
flows. These provide a modest degree of
2
conformance and mobility control, are easy to implement even for operators who only employ
continuous CO
injection, and may greatly reduce the need for alternating slugs of brine. New
2
nano-science technologies may also provide an alternative for the generation of stable CO
2
foam. Using nanoparticles instead of surfactant to stabilize CO
foam may overcome the long-
2
term instability and surfactant adsorption loss issues that affect surfactant-based CO
EOR
2
processes.
vii

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