Doe/netl-2012/1540 Mobility And Conformance Control For Carbon Dioxide Enhanced Oil Recovery (Co2-Eor) Via Thickeners, Foams, And Gels - U.s. Department Of Energy Page 110

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pressure is influenced by the foam quality, type and concentration of surfactant, composition of
the brine, presence of oil, flow rate of the fluids, and the nature of the porous media. The
mobility of the foam is therefore typically expressed relative to the same fluids moving through
the same porous medium at the same conditions, but in the absence of surfactant. Consider the
Darcy equation
2
2
where λ is the mobility and can be in units of cm
/(atm s), darcy/cP, or m
Pa s. Q represents the
volumetric flow rate, A is the cross-sectional area normal to flow, and (ΔP/L) is the pressure
drop. When two fluid phases, namely CO
and water, are flowing in the absence of a surfactant,
2
it is possible to express the mobility of these flowing phases in the following manner [Heller,
1994].
When bubbles of CO
come into contact the interface does not offer significant resistance and
2
the bubbles rapidly coalesce. In this case it is possible to determine the effective permeability of
each of the phases flowing through the medium as a function of the saturation of the phases, and
the viscosity of each phase flowing through the rock is equivalent to the bulk viscosity of the
fluid.
This type of differentiation of mobility into CO
and aqueous components cannot be readily
2
accomplished when a surfactant capable of stabilizing lamellae is present in the system. In this
case, when bubbles of CO
come into close proximity, the lamellae can prevent them from
2
coalescing. The great number of lamellae that can be generated in this case can offer resistance
to flow, trap gas, and dramatically alter the pathways available for gas flow. There are at least
five terms than can be used to describe the ability of a foam to flow through porous media.
It is common to measure the mobility of a foam of specified quality (e.g., 80vol% CO
and
2
20vol% water flowing into the core) and flow conditions as a whole rather than as the sum of
aqueous and CO
components.
2
Consider the concept of relative mobility, λ
, which is the foam mobility divided by the absolute
r
permeability of the rock.
-1
The relative mobility λ
has units of inverse viscosity (e.g., inverse cP or cP
); therefore, the
r
“effective viscosity” of the foam can be expressed as the inverse of the relative mobility.
79

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