Doe/netl-2012/1540 Mobility And Conformance Control For Carbon Dioxide Enhanced Oil Recovery (Co2-Eor) Via Thickeners, Foams, And Gels - U.s. Department Of Energy Page 107

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10.
Common Lab Tests for Assessing Surfactants and Foams
There are numerous common laboratory tests required for the design of CO
floods that do not
2
employ surfactants [Orr, et al., 1982].
Therefore, researchers have employed numerous
screening tests to reduce the additional amount of tedious, high-pressure tests required to assess
the viability of a foam-enhanced CO
flood. This is complicated by the preponderance of
2
commercially available, water-soluble surfactants. This section contains an overview of the
relatively simple, quick, inexpensive screening tests used to identify the more promising
surfactants to be assessed in more difficult, time-consuming, expensive experiments conducted
with consolidated porous media. Surfactants that yield excellent results in these simplistic low-
pressure tests commonly yield promising results in the high pressure reservoir core flooding tests
that employ reservoir fluids and high-pressure CO
[Borchardt et al., 1988]. Nonetheless,
2
screening should ultimately be conducted with high-pressure systems involving CO
rather than
2
air.
Low Pressure Screening Tests
There are many simple screening tests that employ studies of air or nitrogen rather than high-
pressure CO
as the gas phase, and water, synthetic brine or formation brine as the aqueous
2
phase. Because a small amount of the CO
that is dissolved in the aqueous phase dissociates and
2
forms carbonic acid, thereby lowering the pH to ~2.8–3.6 [Schaef and McGrail, 2003], it is not
uncommon in low pressure screening tests to simulate the presence of carbonic acid at reservoir
conditions in water via the addition of an acid.
The solubility of the surfactant in brine is important to the success of a CO
-in-brine foam
2
because the surfactant is typically dissolved in brine when it is introduced to the formation.
Even in the case where the surfactant is dissolved in the CO
rather than brine, one should
2
determine if the surfactant is water-soluble, because surfactant should partition into the in situ
brine in order to stabilize the lamellae. The surfactant solubility in brine should therefore be
assessed at both surface and reservoir conditions.
One can measure the surface tension of aqueous surfactant solutions as a function of surfactant
concentration in an attempt to determine the CMC and to assess which surfactant most
effectively reduces the surface tension of the aqueous phase [Casteel and Djabbarah, 1988], as
shown in Figure 10.1.
76

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