Instructional Manual For Clarification Of Startup In Source Categories Affected By New Source Performance Standards - U.s. Environmental Protection Agency - 1979 Page 56
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146 Introduction
SECONDARY
LEAD SMELTING - SUBPART L
§60.l20 - 60.123
'l'he
.NSPS
for this· category. is applicable to' the following facilities in
secondary lead. smelters:
pot furnac·es of. more than 250
kg
(550 lb) charging
capacity, .blast (cupola) furnaces, and reverberatory furnaces.
Performance
standards tor blast (cupola)' or reverberatory furnaces were promulgated for
particulate. matter and opacity.
Pa.rticulate matter cannot exceed 50 mg/dscm
(0.022 gr/dscf).
Opacity must be les.s than 20 percent.
Performance standards
for pot. f,urnaces were promulgated for opaci.ty only, which must be le.BB than
10 percent.
Sources constructed, reconstructed or modified after June 11, 1973,
are subject to the regulations.
Process Description
The processing of secondary lead centers around the utilization 'of three
furnaces.
Sme.lting operations on the scrap lead are carried out in the blast
(cupola) .furnace and/or reverberatory furnace and the ·final purification steps
in pot . ·furnaces.
The blast (cupola) furnace used in
p~Qcessing
secondary lead is similar
to those in the ferrous industry; cylindrically shaped and standing vertically.
Forced air, sometimes oxygen enriched, is introduced near the bottom of the
furnace.
The furnace is batch fed at the top.
A typical charge is made up
of about 80 percent scrap lead (generally battery plates and including 8 per-
cent return slag) 8 percent coke, 2 percent iron, and 10 percent limestone.
Heat is produced by the combustion of the coke which also provides an atmosphere
for reducing the lead oxide feed.
The lead metal collects at the bottom of
the furnace and is customarily drawn off through a tap hole.
Reverberatory furnaces operate by radiating heat from the gas or oil fired
burners and the surrounding hot refractory lining onto the contents of the
furnace.
The flame and products of combustion come in direct contact with the
charge material.
The furnace is commonly rectangular in shape with a shallow
hearth and constructed of fire brick and refractory materials.
The prinCipal
use of the reverberatory furnace involves the melting and purification of
lead by removal of extraneous ingredients.
The reverberatory furnace may be charged with molten lead from the cupola
. a continuous basis.
In this case, air is blown through the bath either
ntinuously or intermittently to oxidize metal impurities.
The metal dross,
Which is formed, floats on top of the lead and is removed intermittently by
44
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