Instructional Manual For Clarification Of Startup In Source Categories Affected By New Source Performance Standards - U.s. Environmental Protection Agency - 1979 Page 81
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146 IntroductIon
PRIMARY ZINC SMELTERS - SUBPART
Q
§60.l70 - 60.176
Affected operations within this category are roasting (multiple hearth
and fluid bed) and sintering.
Particulates discharged into the atmosphere
from
a
slntering machine are not to exceed 50 mg/dscm (0.022 gr/dscf) while sul-
fur dioxlde discharged from any roaster
is
not to exceed 0.065 percent by
volume.
A slntering machine which drives off more than 10 percent of the sul-
fur initially contained in the zinc sulfide ore concentrates is considered a
roaster.
Visible emissions are limited to 20 percent opacity from any sintering
machine or from any affected facility that uses a sulfuric acid plant to
comply wIth the standard.
The owners or operators of a zinc smelter are re-
quired to install and operate a continuous monitoring system for opacity and
sulfur dioxide.
Sources constructed, reconstructed or modified after
October 16, 1974, are subject to the regulations.
Process Uescription
Zinc ist:ypically found in ot:e called sphalerite containing impurities
of lead, cadimum and trace elements.
Sphalerite is normally processed at the
mines to form concentrates containing up to 62 percent zinc and 32 percent
sulfur.
The smelting of zinc sulfide into oxide or metallic zinc is carried
out by either a pyrometallurgical or a combined pyrometallurgical-electrolytic
extraction process.
The three primary steps of the pyrometallurgical extrac-
tion process are:
1.
roasting (multiple hearth and fluid bed) of zinc sulfide
concentrates .to reroove impurities and to form an impure
zinc oxide called calcine.
2.
sintering of the calcine to eliminate remaining sulfur,
volatilization of lead and cadmium and formation of a
dense permeable furnace feed, and
3.
pyrometallurgical reduction of the zinc oxide to metallic
zinc.
TIle
smelting of zinc sulfide using electrolytic extraction requires two
principal operations:
1.
roasting, and
2.
electrolytic extraction, after chemical leaching of calcine
to produce 99.9 percent pure high grade zinc.
69
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